(127, k, d) Reed-Solomon code with erasures: simulation and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) design

Telecommunication applications require transmitting data with different format such as sound, video, email, measures, signalling and help contents . This leads to a growing complexity of transmitting systems and to higher and higher data rates . On reception, the system must be able to quickly detect and correct errors due to the transmission channel noise (decreasing error rate) . Error detecting-correcting codes suited to applications reduce the error rate (cyclic codes, convolutional code . . .) . This paper presents an overview of the implementation of a (127, k, d) Reed-Solomon error-correcting code with erasures . The technology used to mark on symbols is described in details here . The coding algorithm computes the codewords and marks the symbols . The decoding algorithm detects and corrects either the errors t' = t, or the erasures e' = 2* t, or a combination of the two (e' + 2 * t' < d-1). The error detection is possible for a number of erasures exceeding 2 * t . The number of rectifiable errors is t . This work is the result of the collaboration between the LICM laboratory and TDF-C2R company . Many Hamming distances of a (127, k, d) Reed-Solomon error-correcting code with erasure have been tested with measure files, simulating different real environments . Results obtained from computer simulations using diversified environment models are in good agreement with analytical results . Moreover, the core of the «(127, 121, 7) Reed-Solomon code with erasures» coder/decoder has been implemented on an ALTERA/FLEX1 OK family FPGA from a VHDL specification . This core can be used to design applications with continuous data streams .Les applications actuelles de télécommunications nécessitent la transmission de données aussi diverses que le son, la vidéo, la messagerie et les données de mesures, de signalisations et d'assistance. Cela entraîne une complexité croissante des systèmes de transmission et un débit de plus en plus élevé. A la réception, le système doit pouvoir détecter et corriger rapidement les éventuelles erreurs dues au bruit de canal (diminution du taux d'erreurs). Une des techniques pour diminuer ce taux est d'utiliser un code détecteur correcteur d'erreurs adapté à l'application (codes cycliques, code convolutif, .,). Plus spécifiquement, cet article concerne un code détecteur correcteur d'erreurs Reed-Solomon (127, k, d) avec la description complète d'une technique de marquage des symboles pour la mise en oeuvre des effacements. L'algorithme de codage calcule les mots de code et marque les symboles. L'algorithme de décodage opère soit sur les erreurs t' = t, soit sur les effacements e' = 2 * t, soit sur un panachage des deux (e' + 2 * t' ≤ d-1), t étant le nombre maximum d'erreurs corrigibles. En plus la détection des erreurs est possible pour un nombre d'effacements supérieur à 2 * t. Dans le cadre d'une étude menée conjointement entre le laboratoire LICM et TDF-C2R, plusieurs distances Hamming du code Reed-Solomon (127, k, d) ont été simulées (entre autres à partir de mesures réelles). Les résultats de simulation permettent de quantifier la valeur ajoutée concernant les effacements. De plus, la conception sur FPGA d'un code de Reed-Solomon (127, 121, 7) est étudiée afin d'implanter une fonction « codeur/décodeur avec effacements », pouvant être réutilisée lors de la synthèse d'autres applications traitant des flots de données en continu

Ultra-High Performance and Low-Cost Architecture of Discrete Wavelet Transforms

This work targets the challenging issue to produce high throughput and low-cost configurable architecture of Discrete wavelet transforms (DWT). More specifically, it proposes a new hardware architecture of the first and second generation of DWT using a modified multi-resolution tree. This approach is based on serializations and interleaving of data between different stages. The designed architecture is massively parallelized and sharing hardware between low-pass and high-pass filters in the wavelet transformation algorithm. Consequently, to process data in high speed and decrease hardware usage. The different steps of the post/pre-synthesis configurable algorithm are detailed in this paper. A modulization in VHDL at RTL level and implementation of the designed architecture on FPGA technology in a NexysVideo board (Artix 7 FPGA) are done in this work, where the performance, the configurability and the generic of our architecture are highly enhanced. The implementation results indicate that our proposed architectures provide a very high-speed data processing with low needed resources. As an example, with the parameters depth order equal 2, filter order equal 2, order quantization equal 5 and a parallel degree P = 16, we reach a bit rate around 3160 Mega samples per second with low used of logic elements (≈400) and logic registers (≈700)

Industrial IoT Using Wavelet Transform

For many years now, communication in the industrial sector has been characterized by a new trend of integrating the wireless concept through cyber-physical systems (CPS). This emergence, known as the Smart Factory, is based on the convergence of industrial trades and digital applications to create an intelligent manufacturing system. This will ensure high adaptability of production and more efficient resource input. It should be noted that data is the key element in the development of the Internet of Things ecosystem. Thanks to the IoT, the user can act in real time and in a digital way on his industrial environment, to optimize several processes such as production improvement, machine control, or optimization of supply chains in real time. The choice of the connectivity strategy is made according to several criteria and is based on the choice of the sensor. This mainly depends on location (indoor, outdoor, …), mobility, energy consumption, remote control, amount of data, sending frequency and security. In this chapter, we present an Industrial IoT architecture with two operating modes: MtO (Many-to-One) and OtM (One-to-Many). An optimal choice of the wavelet in terms of bit error rate is made to perform simulations in an industrial channel. A model of this channel is developed in order to simulate the performance of the communication architecture in an environment very close to industry. The optimization of the communication systems is ensured by error correcting codes

The influences and outcomes of phonological awareness: a study of MA, PA and auditory processing in pre-readers with a family risk of dyslexia

The direct influence of phonological awareness (PA) on reading outcomes has been widely demonstrated, yet PA may also exert indirect influence on reading outcomes through other cognitive variables such as morphological awareness (MA). However, PA's own development is dependent and influenced by many extraneous variables such as auditory processing, which could ultimately impact reading outcomes. In a group of pre-reading children with a family risk of dyslexia and low-risk controls, this study sets out to answer questions surrounding PA's relationship at various grain sizes (syllable, onset/rime and phoneme) with measures of auditory processing (frequency modulation (FM) and an amplitude rise-time task (RT)) and MA, independent of reading experience. Group analysis revealed significant differences between high- and low-risk children on measures of MA, and PA at all grain sizes, while a trend for lower RT thresholds of high-risk children was found compared with controls. Correlational analysis demonstrated that MA is related to the composite PA score and syllable awareness. Group differences on MA and PA were re-examined including PA and MA, respectively, as control variables. Results exposed PA as a relevant component of MA, independent of reading experience

Effect of Levels of Acetate on the Mevalonate Pathway of Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, is a spirochetal pathogen with limited metabolic capabilities that survives under highly disparate host-specific conditions. However, the borrelial genome encodes several proteins of the mevalonate pathway (MP) that utilizes acetyl-CoA as a substrate leading to intermediate metabolites critical for biogenesis of peptidoglycan and post-translational modifications of proteins. In this study, we analyzed the MP and contributions of acetate in modulation of adaptive responses in B. burgdorferi. Reverse-transcription PCR revealed that components of the MP are transcribed as individual open reading frames. Immunoblot analysis using monospecific sera confirmed synthesis of members of the MP in B. burgdorferi. The rate-limiting step of the MP is mediated by HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) via conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Recombinant borrelial HMGR exhibited a Km value of 132 µM with a Vmax of 1.94 µmol NADPH oxidized minute−1 (mg protein)−1 and was inhibited by statins. Total protein lysates from two different infectious, clonal isolates of B. burgdorferi grown under conditions that mimicked fed-ticks (pH 6.8/37°C) exhibited increased levels of HMGR while other members of the MP were elevated under unfed-tick (pH 7.6/23°C) conditions. Increased extra-cellular acetate gave rise to elevated levels of MP proteins along with RpoS, CsrABb and their respective regulons responsible for mediating vertebrate host-specific adaptation. Both lactone and acid forms of two different statins inhibited growth of B. burgdorferi strain B31, while overexpression of HMGR was able to partially overcome that inhibition. In summary, these studies on MP and contributions of acetate to host-specific adaptation have helped identify potential metabolic targets that can be manipulated to reduce the incidence of Lyme disease

A general approach to address outsourcing in the design phase of industrial products : application to an industrial context in the petroleum services industry

Les entreprises de l’industrie de services pétroliers font face à une croissante incertitude de leur marché, de clients de plus en plus exigeants et une compétition plus dure. Les clients requièrent des données de plus en plus précises pour l’exploration des réserves pétrolières tout en voulant explorer des zones plus profondes et plus contraignantes. Dans ce contexte, les entreprises qui fournissent des services pour l’industrie pétrolière doivent développer des outils d’exploration plus complexes et plus innovants. Par conséquence les producteurs d’équipements (conception et fabrication) ne peuvent plus compter uniquement sur des ressources internes à l’entreprise et doivent intégrer l’externalisation à leurs processus de développement internes. Dans les années 80 et 90 l’externalisation s’est fortement répandue dans les services de support et dans la fabrication au sein des producteurs d’équipements. A nos jours ces entreprises cherchent à impliquer les fournisseurs le plus en amont possible dans le cycle de vie de leurs produits en faisant de l’externalisation depuis la phase de conception. Les motivations derrière l’externalisation en phase de conception sont l’accès aux connaissances technologiques externes à l’entreprise, la flexibilité dans le développement de nouveaux produits, l’adaptation à des charges de travail cycliques. Les entreprises ne veulent pas en même temps s’exposer aux risques de fuite de connaissances (à la concurrence), de dépendance des fournisseurs tout en maintenant leur avantage compétitif sur le marché. Dans nos travaux de recherche nous proposons un modèle général pour l’externalisation en phase de conception qui permet à une entreprise de traiter d’une façon intégrée les aspects stratégiques et opérationnels liés à l’externalisation. Ce modèle permet de créer de la valeur ajoutée à l’entreprise à travers les processus d’externalisation de la conception tout en facilitant l’intégration de l’externalisation aux processus internes de l’entreprise. En collaboration avec un industriel leader du marché de services aux entreprises pétrolières nous avons réalisé un audit industriel de son entité de production d’outils de mesure de pour comprendre ses pratiques autour de l’externalisation. Nous avons aussi réalisé une revue de la littérature sur l’externalisation. Nous avons développé un processus général qui traite l’externalisation sur plusieurs niveaux de l’entreprise. Nous avons identifié un niveau stratégique où des sujets plus longs termes sont traités et un niveau opérationnel où sont adressés des sujets spécifiques aux projets concernés. Une couche de type système d’information permet l’intégration entre ces 2 niveaux et facilite la communication entre les différents niveaux de l’entreprise et entre l’entreprise et les fournisseurs. Nous avons plus particulièrement étudié la prise de décision (Make or Buy) qui est un sujet central de l’externalisation. Nous avons identifié une liste de points de vue qui constitue une première base des sujets à prendre en compte lors de la décision d’externalisation. En s’appuyant sur la littérature sur l’aide à la décision multicritères nous avons proposé un modèle d’aide à la décision basé sur la méthode MACBETH pour supporter le processus décisionnel que nous proposons. La collaboration étroite avec les ingénieurs et les chefs de projet de l’entreprise avec laquelle nous avons travaillé et la co-construction de nos propositions avec le terrain peut constituer une première validation des résultats de nos travaux de recherche.The oil and gas industry is facing increased market uncertainty, more demanding clients and a harsher competition. Clients are seeking increasingly precise exploration data while digging deeper for reservoirs. In this context, oil and gas industry service providers need to develop more complex and innovative exploration tools. Consequently, equipment producers (design and manufacturing) can no longer rely on internal capabilities and need to integrate outsourcing into their product development process. The 80’s and 90’s witnessed a large-scale trend of outsourcing in support services and manufacturing from equipment producers. Nowadays these firms are looking to involve suppliers earlier by introducing outsourcing as early as product design. They are seeking design outsourcing to gain access to new technological knowledge outside the firm boundaries, maneuverability in new product development and to manage cyclical work load. At the same time they want to prevent exposure to risks of knowledge leakage and dependency on suppliers while maintaining a competitive advantage. In our research project, we propose a global model for design outsourcing that would allow a firm to address both strategic and operational issues related to outsourcing. This model enables the firm to create value from design outsourcing while easily integrating it to its operational processes. First, we audited a major equipment producer in the oil and gas industry in order to understand outsourcing practices. We also performed an extensive literature review about outsourcing. Accordingly, we developed a general process that addresses design outsourcing at several levels of a firm. We identified a strategic level where long term issues are tackled and an operational level where project specific issues are tackled. These levels are integrated through an information system layer that facilitates communication across different levels of the firm and between the firm and the supplier. Since the make or buy decision is integral to outsourcing, we gave it special attention; we identified a generic list of attributes that constitute a first checklist for decision makers when addressing the make or buy decision. Using a multi-criteria decision aid methodology we also developed a MACBETH-based decision aid model to support the decision making process. Close collaboration with field engineers and managers at the industrial firm gave us first hand validation of our proposals