52 research outputs found
Laboratory investigation of nominally two-dimensional anabatic flow on symmetric double slopes
We investigated the dynamics of highly turbulent thermally driven anabatic
(upslope) flow on a physical model inside a large water tank using particle
image velocimetry (PIV) and a thermocouple grid. The results showed that the
flow exhibited pronounced variations in velocity and temperature and,
importantly, could not be accurately modeled as a two-dimensional quasi-steady
flow. Five significant findings are presented to underscore the
three-dimensional nature of the flow. Namely, the B-shaped mean velocity
profiles, B-shaped turbulent flux profiles, synthetic streaks that revealed
particles flowing perpendicular to the laser sheet, average vorticity maps
revealing helical structure splitting, and identified vortices shooting away
from the boundary towards the apex plume. Collectively, these findings offer
novel insights into the flow behavior patterns of thermally driven complex
terrain flows, which influence local weather and microclimates and are
responsible for scalar transport, e.g., pollution
Automated identification and characterization method of turbulent bursting from single-point records of the velocity field
A new automated method capable of accurately identifying bursting periods in
single-point turbulent velocity field records is presented. Manual selection of
the method sensitivity (tau*) and threshold (eT) are necessary for effective
discrimination between burst periods and the background turbulent flow
fluctuations (burst-free periods). The flow characteristic used for
identification is the normalized 'instantaneous' TKE dissipation rate levels,
calculated using sliding window averaging. Use of the record root mean square
and average values for normalization eliminates the need for definition of a
physics-based flow-specific threshold. Instead, the suitable sensitivity range
and the threshold parameters are selected based on preliminary examination of
the velocity records. This, potentially, makes the method applicable for use
across various flow fields, especially as it does not require resolving the
burst-generation mechanism. The method performance is examined using a field
obtained dataset of buoyancy driven turbulent boundary layer flow. Here, the
selection of a two-fold (eT=2) increase is used and the sensitivity of the
method is examined. Spectral shapes of non-bursting periods show distinguished
similarity to those of the Kolmogorov theory, while the bursting period
spectral shapes vary significantly. Low resolution records of temperature
fluctuations were observed to exhibit a significant decrease in temperature
(scalar) dissipation rate during bursting periods. Based on this observation
and additional processing, a statistical examination of temperature (scalar)
dissipation rate is presented along with a normalization procedure. Future
examination of additional scalar variations, i.e. particulate matter and/or
gaseous pollutant concentrations, in connection with turbulent bursting periods
can assist in further understanding of bursting generation and scalar transfer
processes
Wave-by-wave forecasts in directional seas using nonlinear dispersion corrections
We develop a new methodology for the deterministic forecasting of directional
ocean surface waves, based on nonlinear frequency corrections. These frequency
corrections can be pre-computed based on measured energy density spectra, and
therefore come at no additional computational cost compared to linear theory.
The nonlinear forecasting methodology is tested on highly-nonlinear,
synthetically generated seas with a variety of values of average steepness and
directional spreading, and shown to consistently outperform a linear forecast.Comment: 31 pages, 8 figures, 5 table
Quasi-geostrophic jet-like flow with obstructions
Jet-like flows are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and oceans, and thus a thorough investigation of their behaviour in rotating systems is fundamental. Nevertheless, how they are affected by vegetation or, generally speaking, by obstructions is a crucial aspect which has been poorly investigated up to now. The aim of the present paper is to propose an analytical model developed for jet-like flows in the presence of both obstructions and the Coriolis force. In this investigation the jet-like flow is assumed homogeneous, turbulent and quasi-geostrophic, and with the same density as the surrounding fluid. Laws of momentum deficit, length scales, velocity scales and jet centreline are analytically deduced. These analytical solutions are compared with some experimental data obtained using the Coriolis rotating platform at LEGI-Grenoble (France), showing a good agreemen
Wave-by-wave forecasts in directional seas using nonlinear dispersion corrections
We develop a new methodology for the deterministic forecasting of directional ocean surface waves based on nonlinear frequency corrections. These frequency corrections can be pre-computed based on measured energy density spectra and, therefore, come at no additional computational cost compared to linear theory. The nonlinear forecasting methodology is tested on highly nonlinear synthetically generated seas with a variety of values of average steepness and directional spreading and is shown to consistently outperform a linear forecast.</jats:p
How well can post‐traumatic stress disorder be predicted from pre‐trauma risk factors? An exploratory study in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108700/1/wps20150.pd
Remodeling of the Cortical Structural Connectome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:Results from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium
BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is accompanied by disrupted cortical neuroanatomy. We investigated alteration in covariance of structural networks associated with PTSD in regions that demonstrate the case-control differences in cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA). METHODS: Neuroimaging and clinical data were aggregated from 29 research sites in >1,300 PTSD cases and >2,000 trauma-exposed controls (age 6.2-85.2 years) by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group. Cortical regions in the network were rank-ordered by effect size of PTSD-related cortical differences in CT and SA. The top-n (n = 2 to 148) regions with the largest effect size for PTSD > non-PTSD formed hypertrophic networks, the largest effect size for PTSD < non-PTSD formed atrophic networks, and the smallest effect size of between-group differences formed stable networks. The mean structural covariance (SC) of a given n-region network was the average of all positive pairwise correlations and was compared to the mean SC of 5,000 randomly generated n-region networks. RESULTS: Patients with PTSD, relative to non-PTSD controls, exhibited lower mean SC in CT-based and SA-based atrophic networks. Comorbid depression, sex and age modulated covariance differences of PTSD-related structural networks. CONCLUSIONS: Covariance of structural networks based on CT and cortical SA are affected by PTSD and further modulated by comorbid depression, sex, and age. The structural covariance networks that are perturbed in PTSD comport with converging evidence from resting state functional connectivity networks and networks impacted by inflammatory processes, and stress hormones in PTSD
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