Research progress on the relationship between white matter hyperintensity and cognitive impairment

White matter hyperintensity （WMH） is one of the imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease （CSVD）. Recent studies have found certain relationship between WMH and cognitive impairment. In this article，the mechanism of WMH formation，the relationship between WMH and cognitive impairment，the mechanism of cognitive dysfunction caused by WMH were reviewed，aiming to deepen the understanding of the relationship between WMH and cognitive impairment

The Evolution of Compact Binary Star Systems

We review the formation and evolution of compact binary stars consisting of white dwarfs (WDs), neutron stars (NSs), and black holes (BHs). Binary NSs and BHs are thought to be the primary astrophysical sources of gravitational waves (GWs) within the frequency band of ground-based detectors, while compact binaries of WDs are important sources of GWs at lower frequencies to be covered by space interferometers (LISA). Major uncertainties in the current understanding of properties of NSs and BHs most relevant to the GW studies are discussed, including the treatment of the natal kicks which compact stellar remnants acquire during the core collapse of massive stars and the common envelope phase of binary evolution. We discuss the coalescence rates of binary NSs and BHs and prospects for their detections, the formation and evolution of binary WDs and their observational manifestations. Special attention is given to AM CVn-stars -- compact binaries in which the Roche lobe is filled by another WD or a low-mass partially degenerate helium-star, as these stars are thought to be the best LISA verification binary GW sources.Comment: 105 pages, 18 figure

Physical exercise frequency and cognition: a multicenter cross-sectional cohort study

Background and aimsDementia imposes a heavy burden on society and families, therefore, effective drug treatments, exploring and preventing factors associated with dementia, are paramount. To provide reference points for the best frequency of physical exercise (physical exercise), we investigated the association between frequency of PE and cognition in Chinese old adults.Methods16,181 Chinese participants aged 65 years or older were included in this study. Associations between PE and cognition were estimated multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses. Associations were further investigated across dementia subtypes (Alzheimer dementia, vascular dementia, and other types of dementia). Subgroup analyses were performed in different age groups, in populations with and without stroke, and those with and without hypertension.ResultsPE associated with dementia after adjusting for full covariates (OR: 0.5414, 95% CI: 0.4536–0.6491, p < 0.001). Exercise performed at ≥3 times/week associated with lower risk of dementia (OR: 0.4794–0.6619, all p value <0.001). PE was associated with improved cognition (β: 12851, p < 0.001), and any PE frequency contributed to cognitive improvement (p values for exercise performed ≥1 time/week were <0.001). Similar conclusions were identified when we repeated analyses in different dementia subtypes and age groups. Subgroup analyses suggested that the cognition of individuals without hypertension also benefitted from exercising 1–2 times/week (OR: 0.6168, 95% CI: 0.4379–0.8668, p = 0.005).ConclusionThe best exercise frequency is exercising ≥3 times/week for individuals from different dementia subtypes and age groups. While for those without hypertension, PE at 1–2 times /week is also beneficial

Rime length, stress, and association domains

Every regular Chinese syllable has a syllable tone (the tone we get when the syllable is read in isolation). In some Chinese languages, the tonal pattern of a multisyllabic expression is basically a concatenation of the syllable tones. In other Chinese languages, the tonal pattern of a multisyllabic expression is determined solely by the initial syllable. I call the former M -languages (represented by Mandarin) and the latter S -languages (represented by Shanghai). I argue that there is an additional difference in rime structures between the two language groups. In S-languages, all rimes are simple, i.e., there are no underlying diphthongs or codas. In M-languages, all regular rimes are heavy. I further argue that a syllable keeps its underlying tones only if it has stress. Independent metrical evidence tells us that heavy rimes may carry inherent stress. Thus, in M-languages, all regular syllables are stressed and retain their underlying tones (which may or may not undergo further changes). In contrast, in S-languages, regular rimes do not carry inherent stress; instead, only those syllables that are assigned stress by rule can keep their underlying tones and hence head a multisyllabic tonal domain.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42998/1/10831_2005_Article_BF01440582.pd

Repellent and Contact Toxicity of Alpinia officinarum Rhizome Extract against Lasioderma serricorne Adults.

The repellent and contact toxicities of Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract on Lasioderma serricorne adults, and its ability to protect stored wheat flour from L. serricorne adults infestation were investigated. The A. officinarum extract exhibited strong repellent and contact toxicities against L. serricorne adults. The toxicities enhanced significantly with the increasing treatment time and treatment dose. The mean percentage repellency value reached 91.3% at class V at the dose of 0.20 μL/cm2 after 48 h of exposure. The corrected mortality reached over 80.0% at the dose of 0.16 μL/cm2 after 48 h of exposure. The A. officinarum extract could significantly reduce L. serricorne infestation level against stored wheat flour. Particularly, the insect infestation was nil in wheat flour packaged with kraft paper bags coated with the A. officinarum extract at the dose of above 0.05 μL/cm2. The naturally occurring A. officinarum extract could be useful for integrated management of L. serricorne

Two-way ANOVA analysis for the number of <i>L</i>. <i>serricorne</i> in whole wheat flour packaged with nonwoven cloth bags and kraft paper bags after 45 days storage at 27 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity.

<p>Two-way ANOVA analysis for the number of <i>L</i>. <i>serricorne</i> in whole wheat flour packaged with nonwoven cloth bags and kraft paper bags after 45 days storage at 27 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity.</p

Repeated measures analysis of variance within subject effects for the contact toxicity of <i>Alpinia</i> extract against <i>L</i>. <i>serricorne</i> adults at the doses of 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 μL/cm² after 12, 24, 48 and 72 h exposure, respectively.

<p>Repeated measures analysis of variance within subject effects for the contact toxicity of <i>Alpinia</i> extract against <i>L</i>. <i>serricorne</i> adults at the doses of 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 μL/cm² after 12, 24, 48 and 72 h exposure, respectively.</p