Behavioral and socio-demographic risk factors for the development of dental caries in children from 3 to 6 years of age

Увод: Рисковият профил е общо понятие, включващо различни начини за оценка на оралното здраве. Той може да бъде направен на няколко нива: обществено или групово за дадена популация; индивидуално; локално за определени зъби.Цел: Да се установят основните рискови фактори за кариеса на временните зъби, действащи в изследваната група деца, чрез анкета на родителите им.Материал и методи: Оценка на стандартните рискови фактори за развитие на зъбен кариес. Оценка на индивидуалните специфични рискови фактори на всяко дете.Обект на наблюдение: родители на деца от гр. Варна и Варненска област. Обем на наблюдение са 100 лица. Единици на наблюдението: пациенти от 3 до 6 години с необходимост от профилактика и лечение на зъбния кариес на временното съзъбие.Определихме корелацията между OHI, риск, възраст и dmft при временни зъби - Pearson Correlation index. След обработка на резултатите и определяне на акцентите е проведено същинското изследване чрез обработката на данните с пакет за математическо-статистическа обработка SPSS v.20.0.Резултати: Наличието на кариесогенен плаков биофилм, покриващ временните зъби и повърхности, открихме при 100% от децата, включени в проучването.От поведенческите фактори умерено до силно влияние върху развитието на кариес оказват честотата на миенето на зъбите (r= -0,44 p<0,001) и употребата на въглехидратни (захарни) храни и напитки (r=0,51 p<0,001). От социодемографските фактори само социалният статус показва обратнопропорционална умерена зависимост с риска от развитие на кариес (r=-0,39 p<0,001), т.е. колкото по-ниско е образованието на родителите, толкова повече се увеличава рискът от развитието на кариес.Заключение: Анализът в нашето проучване доказва силното влияние на въглехидратното хранене и лошата орална хигиена върху развитието и прогресирането на кариозния процес във временното съзъбие. От всички изследвани фактори установихме, че децата имат висок риск от зъбен кариес.Introduction: The risk profile is a general concept that includes different ways of assessing oral health. It can be made at several levels: public or group for a given population; individually; locally for certain teeth.Aim: To identify the main risk factors for temporary teeth caries in the examined group of children, through a survey of their parents.Materials and Methods: Assessment of standard risk factors for development of dental caries was conducted, as well as an assessment of the individual specific risk factors of each child. The objects of observation were parents of children from Varna and Varna district. The survey volume was 100 individuals. The units of observation were patients from 3 to 6 years of age requiring prophylaxis and treatment of dental caries of the temporary dentition.We have identified the correlation between oral hygiene index (OHI), risk, age and decayed/missing/ filled teeth (DMFT) in temporary teeth - the Pearson Correlation Index. After processing the results and de-termining the highlights, the actual study was conducted by processing the data with a mathematical and statistical processing package SPSS v 20.0.Results: Incidence of cariogenic plaque biofilm covering temporary teeth and surfaces was found in 100.0% of the children included in the study. From behavioral factors related to dental caries (r =-0.44 p<0.001), the use of carbohydrate (sugar) foods and beverages (r = 0.51 p <0.001) had moderate to strong influence on caries development. Of socio-demographic factors, only social status showed reverse proportional moderate dependence on the risk of caries development (r =-0.39 p<0.001). The lower the education of parents was, the higher the risk of developing caries was.Conclusion: The analysis in our study demonstrates the strong impact of carbohydrate consumption and poor oral hygiene on the development and pro-gression of the carious process in the temporary dentition. Through all the factors examined, we found that children had a high risk of dental caries

"Homo Viator" : a comparative perspective

This research starts from the premise that in the 21st century shifting personal identities can be better understood in relation to other identity markers (such as traditional heritage, ethnicity, the historical past etc.). My overall objective in this paper is to place the concept of migration (Homo Viator, the man on a journey) in its broader cultural context and to address issues of diversity and permissiveness. Since we live in a globalised world with very different beliefs, societal ideals, moral values and community structures, our investigation on the topic is conducted within a pluralistic framework and from an interdisciplinary perspective. Given that we must face the difficulties in establishing a universal peace-building process through a comparative analysis of the man on a journey in the so called "Eastern" and "Western" civilisation area, such an approach will provide a well-grounded evaluation of the abovementioned trends, according to global standards, criteria and principles

Biogas as a Source of Energy and Chemicals

The global economic development in the twentieth century has led to extensive use of fossils, such as oil, natural gas, and coal as fuels and chemical feedstocks. This extensive use of fossil fuels has led to enormous emissions of carbon dioxide as final product of combustion. The high absorption rate of infra-red rays by carbon dioxide has led to the so-called “greenhouse” effect. Nowadays, the renewable energy sources based on biomass have become very important with a trend to replace oil consumption at least partially and hence to remediate the emissions of greenhouse gases in atmosphere. Biofuels could be used as alternative raw material for chemical production. One of these biofuels is biogas released at anaerobic digestion of different natural organic waste. Another feature of biogas applications is its utilization as feedstock for the production of synthetic fuels and chemicals being now produced from oil and coal. A new approach is to use biogas as a fuel in fuel cells as a very promising option for energy production from renewable sources. The present review summarizes the applications of biogas for chemicals, starting with dry reforming and Fischer-Tropsch syntheses and as a source of energy, as heat and electricity production by co-generation and fuel cells

Risk factors associated with the development of dental caries in Bulgarian children

The purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors associated with the development of dental caries in children in Bulgaria. The research has been carried out at the Faculty of Dental Medicine, in the period 2015-2016, with the permission of the University Scientific Research Committee and informed consent signed by each parent. The subject of observation was parents of children from Varna region in Bulgaria. The results were statistically processed with SPSS v.20.0, using variation and comparison (chi-square) analyzes. For significance level we assume p&lt;0.05. The volume of observation encompasses 100 persons. Units of observation are patients aged three to six years with the need for prevention and treatment of dental caries of the primary dentition. The registration was done in a specially developed questionnaire, including 22 questions, each with the possibility of more than one answer. In processing the obtained data, Student's criterion was used to compare the mean values of two independent samples. In a comparative analysis of the results, we found that 71.01% of children aged three to six years visit a dentist, and patients use fluoride only in the form of toothpaste containing fluoride. When studying the knowledge and behavior of parents in the direction of risk factors for the development of dental caries and oral prophylaxis, need for a new approach of pediatric dentists has been found, focused on programming preventive and non-invasive treatment of children according to their individual needs

Relative share, frequency and correlation of restorations in both dental dentitions in childhood

This research aimed to analyze of the relative share, frequency and correlation of restorations in both dental dentitions in childhood. The decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index is one of the most commonly used indices in epidemiologic surveys of dental caries. It quantifies dental health status based on the number of carious, missing and filled teeth. A total of 602 schoolchildren in Varna, aged 3-18 years were selected for this study. The children have a determined high caries risk DMFT index &gt;1. The patients are divided into 16 groups according to age limit. The research takes place in the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Varna, in the time period 2016-2018. This study is retrospective, based on medical data of the participants. Pearson's correlation and simple linear regression were used to estimate the correlation between restorations, DMF (T+t) and age. The average value of determining the level of caries of the examined groups of children is DMF (T+t) =5.46±3.95 (range 0-20). With the correlation analysis we proved a direct dependence of the ratio. The number of preventive fillings with photopolymers and composites increased with increasing age of the studied children (r=0.725; p&lt;0.001). Their high distribution among the studied patients was established by determining the average frequency of carious lesions. The correlation analysis determined that with increasing age of the patients the number and frequency of composite restorations and sealants in the control groups increased

ANALYSIS OF ATHLETES’ STATIC-DYNAMIC STABILITY

INTRODUCTION: The ability to maintain balance and static-kinetic stability is particularly important for athletes. The balance function realizes a stable connection between the individual and the environment, resulting in “spatial” stabilization. This means that the environment is perceived as “stable,” that man lives, moves or stays in a stable surrounding. That is why this fact is of particular importance in the training process of figure skaters, gymnasts and other athletes. Different tests are made for their selection and for assessment of the training process. This paper presents a method for computer processing of results from craniocorporographic examinations (CCG) of athletes at standard and sensitized Romberg’s standing test and Unterberger-Fukuda stepping test. The aim is to compare the sensitivity and reliability of those tests

Risk assessment for the development of caries from 3 to 6 years

Увод: Корекцията в поведението помага за самоконтрол на оралната среда и недопускане на развитие на кариозни лезии.Цел: Оценка на риска на някои от рисковите фактори (слюнка и орална хигиена).Материал и методи: Предмет на изследване - рискът от кариес на временните зъби. Обект на изследване са деца на възраст от 3 до 6 г. Проучването се реализира във Факултет по дентална медицина, МУ-Варна. За да се оцени рискът от въглехидратното хранене, се възлага на родителите на 30 от децата да водят „Хранителен дневник` за период от 7-10 дни. Децата се преглеждат с анамнеза и подробно регистриране на клиничен статус. Оценката се получава и с помощта на теста „GC Saliva - Check Mutans`, като се спазва точно методиката на теста.Децата от експерименталната група (30) боледуват от кариес и имат поставени обтурации до етапа на изследване. Приемайки това, си поставихме задачата в това изследване да анализираме степента на някои присъстващи рискови фактори при децата от 3 до 6 години и да ги сравним с контролната група деца (30), които не боледуват от кариес.Резултати: Изследванията показват, че разликата между двете групи за честотата на въглехидратните приеми е съществена. Обратимите активни кариесни лезии означават, че оралната околна на временните зъби среда е силно кариесогенна. Оралната хигиена е висок рисков фактор за развитието на началния дентален кариес при голям брой от изследваните деца. Анализът на данните за оценката на кариесогенната микрофлора от микробиологичните изследвания показаха, че почти 100% от децата на експерименталната група (боледуващи и лекувани от кариес) са с високо микробно число на Streptococcus Mutans и висок риск от развитие на кариес между 3 и 6-годишна възраст.Изводи: 1. Оценката на риска е лесна и достъпна за клинично изпълнение задача. 2. Изграждането на подробни данни за всеки клиничен случай на дете от оценката на риска, диагностиката, диференциалната диагностика и окончателната поставена диагноза ни осигурява точния план за лечение за всеки един пациент.Introduction: Correction in the behavior allows self-control the oral environment and prevention of the development of carious lesions.Objective: To assess the risk of certain risk factors (saliva and oral hygiene).Materials and Мethods: Subject of research - the risk of caries of temporary teeth. Subject of the study are: Children aged 3-6 years. The research was carried out at the Faculty of Dental Medicine - Varna. In order to assess the risk of carbohydrate diet the parents of 30 children were assigned to keep a food log for a period of 7-10 days. Parents recorded in the log everything they had given as a food to their child, everything they had consumed and the time at which each food was taken for 10 days (excluding weekends). Children are examined with a history and detailed registration of clinical status. The assessment was obtained with the help of test „GC Saliva - Check Mutans`, following carefully the methodology of the test. Children are medically clinically healthy, without specifics in their health. Children from the experimental group (30) suffer from tooth decay and have fillings set until the stage of study. Assuming this, we set ourselves the task in this study to analyze the extent of any risk factors present in children aged 3 to 6 years and compare them with the test group of children who do not suffer from caries (30).Results: Studies show that the difference between the two groups for the frequency of carbohydrate intake is essential. The results show that oral hygiene is a high risk factor for the development of initial dental caries in a large number of the children studied. Data analysis for the assessment of the cariogenic microflora from the microbiological studies have shown that almost 100% of the children of the experimental group (suffering and with treated caries) have a high micro bial count of Streptococcus Mutans and high risk of developing caries between 3 and 6 years of age.Conclusions: 1. An evaluation of risk is a task easy and affordable for clinical performance. Building up similar details for each clinical case per child from the risk assessment, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and the final diagnosis provided us the exact treatment plan for each patient. 2. Taking the so obtained results of the risk assessment for each child patient one prepares individual programs for prevention and non-invasive treatment of children aged 3 to 6 years