Characterization of the Local Structure in Liquid Water by Various Order Parameters

A wide range of geometric order parameters have been suggested to characterize the local structure of liquid water and its tetrahedral arrangement, but their respective merits have remained elusive. Here, we consider a series of popular order parameters and analyze molecular dynamics simulations of water, in the bulk and in the hydration shell of a hydrophobic solute, at 298 and 260 K. We show that these parameters are weakly correlated and probe different distortions, for example the angular versus radial disorders. We first combine these complementary descriptions to analyze the structural rearrangements leading to the density maximum in liquid water. Our results reveal no sign of a heterogeneous mixture and show that the density maximum arises from the depletion in interstitial water molecules upon cooling. In the hydration shell of the hydrophobic moiety of propanol, the order parameters suggest that the water local structure is similar to that in the bulk, with only a very weak depletion in ordered configurations, thus confirming the absence of any iceberg-type structure. Finally, we show that the main structural fluctuations that affect water reorientation dynamics in the bulk are angular distortions, which we explain by the jump hydrogen-bond exchange mechanism

Magnitude and Molecular Origin of Water Slowdown Next to a Protein

Hydration shell dynamics plays a critical role in protein folding and biochemical activity and has thus been actively studied through a broad range of techniques. While all observations concur with a slowdown of water dynamics relative to the bulk, the magnitude and molecular origin of this retardation remain unclear. Via numerical simulations and theoretical modeling, we establish a molecular description of protein hydration dynamics and identify the key protein features that govern it. Through detailed microscopic mapping of the water reorientation and hydrogen-bond (HB) dynamics around lysozyme, we first determine that 80% of the hydration layer waters experience a moderate slowdown factor of ∼2–3, while the slower residual population is distributed along a power-law tail, in quantitative agreement with recent NMR results. We then establish that the water reorientation mechanism at the protein interface is dominated by large angular jumps similar to the bulk situation. A theoretical extended jump model is shown to provide the first rigorous determination of the two key contributions to the observed slowdown: a topological excluded-volume factor resulting from the local protein geometry, which governs the dynamics of the fastest 80% of the waters, and a free energetic factor arising from the water–protein HB strength, which is especially important for the remaining waters in confined sites at the protein interface. These simple local factors are shown to provide a nearly quantitative description of the hydration shell dynamics

Vibrational Quantum Decoherence in Liquid Water

Traditional descriptions of vibrational energy transfer consider a quantum oscillator interacting with a classical environment. However, a major limitation of this simplified description is the neglect of quantum decoherence induced by the different interactions between two distinct quantum states and their environment, which can strongly affect the predicted energy-transfer rate and vibrational spectra. Here, we use quantum–classical molecular dynamics simulations to determine the vibrational quantum decoherence time for an OH stretch vibration in liquid heavy water. We show that coherence is lost on a sub-100 fs time scale due to the different responses of the first shell neighbors to the ground and excited OH vibrational states. This ultrafast decoherence induces a strong homogeneous contribution to the linear infrared spectrum and suggests that resonant vibrational energy transfer in H₂O may be more incoherent than previously thought

Dynamical Disorder in the DNA Hydration Shell

The reorientation and hydrogen-bond dynamics of water molecules within the hydration shell of a B-DNA dodecamer, which are of interest for many of its biochemical functions, are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations and an analytic jump model, which provide valuable new molecular level insights into these dynamics. Different sources of heterogeneity in the hydration shell dynamics are determined. First, a pronounced spatial heterogeneity is found at the DNA interface and explained via the jump model by the diversity in local DNA interfacial topographies and DNA–water H-bond interactions. While most of the hydration shell is moderately retarded with respect to the bulk, some water molecules confined in the narrow minor groove exhibit very slow dynamics. An additional source of heterogeneity is found to be caused by the DNA conformational fluctuations, which modulate the water dynamics. The groove widening aids the approach of, and the jump to, a new water H-bond partner. This temporal heterogeneity is especially strong in the minor groove, where groove width fluctuations occur on the same time scale as the water H-bond rearrangements, leading to a strong dynamical disorder. The usual simplifying assumption that hydration shell dynamics is much faster than DNA dynamics is thus not valid; our results show that biomolecular conformational fluctuations are essential to facilitate the water motions and accelerate the hydration dynamics in confined groove sites

Coupled Valence-Bond State Molecular Dynamics Description of an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction in a Non-Aqueous Organic Solvent

Enzymes are widely used in nonaqueous solvents to catalyze non-natural reactions. While experimental measurements showed that the solvent nature has a strong effect on the reaction kinetics, the molecular details of the catalytic mechanism in nonaqueous solvents have remained largely elusive. Here we study the transesterification reaction catalyzed by the paradigm subtilisin Carlsberg serine protease in an organic apolar solvent. The rate-limiting acylation step involves a proton transfer between active-site residues and the nucleophilic attack of the substrate to form a tetrahedral intermediate. We design the first coupled valence-bond state model that simultaneously describes both reactions in the enzymatic active site. We develop a new systematic procedure to parametrize this model on high-level <i>ab initio</i> QM/MM free energy calculations that account for the molecular details of the active site and for both substrate and protein conformational fluctuations. Our calculations show that the reaction energy barrier changes dramatically with the solvent and protein conformational fluctuations. We find that the mechanism of the tetrahedral intermediate formation during the acylation step is similar to that determined under aqueous conditions, and that the proton transfer and nucleophilic attack reactions occur concertedly. We identify the reaction coordinate to be mostly due to the rearrangement of some residual water molecules close to the active site