In vitro Anthelmintic activity of Musa balbisiana Colla (Square banana) against Haemonchus contortus eggs

Objective: To evaluate the anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Musa balbisiana Colla, against H. contortus eggs. Design / methodology / approach: The anthelmintic activity was evaluated using an egg hatching inhibition test. The aqueous extracts from leaves, peels and roots were obtained by infusion and subsequently lyophilized. Ethanolic extracts were obtained by maceration and later concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Spectroscopic, phytochemical, chemical and total polyphenol content analyzes were performed. The 50 % lethal concentration to inhibit H. contortus eggs from hatching was calculated following a Probit analysis. Results: The identified functional groups in the FT-IR analysis were hydroxyl (-OH) and methyl groups (CH3). The proximal analysis revealed significant differences in the dry matter percentage (P 0.05). The egg hatching inhibition rates at the highest concentration 4.8 mg / mL were 100 % for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts from leaves, and 93.7 and 62 % for the shell and roots, respectively. Study limitations / implications: Further studies are required in in vivo systems. Findings / Conclusions: With a LC50 of 225 µg / mL and a 95 % confidence interval, with a range between 33 and 418.4 µg / mL, the aqueous extract from the leaves was the most active

In vitro Anthelmintic activity of Musa balbisiana Colla (Square banana) against Haemonchus contortus eggs: IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA (SQUARE BANANA) AGAINST HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS EGG

Introduction: Haemonchus contortus is the most frequent nematode in both temperate and tropical regions, induces large economic losses and has shown resistance to available anthelmintics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Musa balbisiana Colla, against H. contortus eggs. Methodology: anthelmintic activity was evaluated using the egg hatching inhibition test. The aqueous extract of leaves, husks, roots was obtained by means of infusion and was later lyophilized. The ethanolic extract was obtained by maceration and later concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Spectroscopic, phytochemical, chemical and total polyphenol content analyzes were performed. The 50 % lethal concentration to inhibit hatching of H. contortus eggs was calculated by means of Probit analysis. Results: functional groups identified in the FT-IR analysis were: hydroxyl (-OH) and methyl groups (CH3). The proximal analysis revealed significant differences in the percentage of dry matter (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in protein content (P>0.05). The rates of egg hatching inhibition at a concentration of 4.8 mg/mL were 100 % for aqueous and ethanolic extract leaves, and 93.7 and 62 % for husks and root respectively. The LC50 against H. contortus eggs was recorded at 225 µg/mL and 481.7 µg /mL for aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. The secondary metabolites detected were sterols, flavonoid and tannins in aqueous extract of leaves. Therefore, M. balbisiana extracts contained plant bioactive compounds with anthelmintic property against eggs of H. contortus. Conclusion: with 225 µg/mL of LC50 and a confidence interval of 95 % between 33 y 418.4 µg/mL the aqueous extract leaves was the most active.Objective: To evaluate the anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Musa balbisiana Colla, against H. contortus eggs. Design / methodology / approach: The anthelmintic activity was evaluated using an egg hatching inhibition test. The aqueous extracts from leaves, peels and roots were obtained by infusion and subsequently lyophilized. Ethanolic extracts were obtained by maceration and later concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Spectroscopic, phytochemical, chemical and total polyphenol content analyzes were performed. The 50 % lethal concentration to inhibit H. contortus eggs from hatching was calculated following a Probit analysis. Results: The identified functional groups in the FT-IR analysis were hydroxyl (-OH) and methyl groups (CH3). The proximal analysis revealed significant differences in the dry matter percentage (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the protein content (P > 0.05). The egg hatching inhibition rates at the highest concentration 4.8 mg / mL were 100 % for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts from leaves, and 93.7 and 62 % for the shell and roots, respectively. Study limitations / implications: Further studies are required in in vivo systems. Findings / Conclusions: With a LC50 of 225 µg / mL and a 95 % confidence interval, with a range between 33 and 418.4 µg / mL, the aqueous extract from the leaves was the most active

Comparative study of different drying methods regard to the phenols and flavonoids content of dried Citrus aurantium L. leaves

Citrus Aurantium leaves contain compounds such as phenols and flavonoids that give it antioxidant properties. These properties can be affected by using any conservation method, such as drying. This study was carried out to determine the effects of different technologies of thermal drying on total phenols content (TPC) and the total flavonoids content (TFC) from the leaves of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.).  Solar drying was carried out under the open-air sun conditions and using two direct solar dryers; one with natural convection and the other with forced convection. TFC and TPC in equivalents of gallic acid (EGA) and quercetin (Q), respectively, of the ethanolic extracts of C. Aurantium were determined by using spectrophotometric techniques. The results showed maximum values of phenols for direct natural convection solar dryer (161.4 mg EGA/g MS) and minimum for shade drying (61.43 mg EAG/g MS). Regarding flavonoids, the highest values were obtained in the direct forced convection solar dryer (32.22 ± 1.6 mg QE/g MS), while in the open-air sun the lowest values were observed (11.72 mg QE/g MS). It is concluded, that the direct solar dryers are effective technologies to maintain the TPC and the TFC in the dry leaves of C. aurantium.Objective: To determine the effects of different thermal drying technologies on the total phenol and flavonoid contents (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) in sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) leaves. Design/methodology/approach: Solar drying was carried out in outdoor sunny conditions using two direct solar dryers; one with natural convection, the other with forced convection. The total phenol and flavonoid contents in gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and quercetin (Q), respectively, of ethanolic extracts of C. aurantium were assessed with spectrophotometric techniques. Results: The results demonstrated maximum phenol values for the direct natural convection solar dryer (161.4 mg EAG/g MS) and minimum values for shade drying (61.43 mg EAG/g MS). As for flavonoids, the highest values were obtained in the direct forced convection solar dryer (32.22 ± 1.6 mg EQ/g MS), while the lowest was registered in the open air sun (11.72 mg EQ/g MS). Conclusions: Direct solar dryers are technologies effective for maintaining the phenols and total flavonoids content in dried leaves of C. aurantium.

Ecophysiology and nutrition of cabezona pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) in Chontalpa, Tabasco, Mexico: Creole pineapple nutrition (Ananas comosus L. Merril)

Objective: To improve the nutrition of the pineapple crop. Design / Methodology / Approach: The applied fertilization doses were those obtained through the Integrated System to Recommend Fertilizer Dose for pineapple (SIRDF), which were: N (230kg - P (183kg) - K (300kg) and N ( 253kg) - P (138kg) - K (360kg), Corresponding to the Cutaneous Acrisol (Endoarcilic, Hyperdystric, Ferric) soil subunits (ACct (ncehdfr)) and to the Cutaneous Acrisol (Endoarcilic, Ferric) (ACct (ncefr)), which were compared with the control dose (producer): N (85kg), P (85kg) and K (85kg). Results: It was found that in the soil ACct (ncehdfr) the dose of SIRDF; the height of fruit without crown (cm), weight of the whole fruit (kg), weight of the fruit without crown (kg), and brix degrees were high compared to the control, not so, for crown weight (kg) which was more high in the dose applied by the producer. As for the soil ACct (ncefr); plant height (cm), fruit height with crown (cm), crown height (cm), fruit circumference (cm), whole fruit weight (kg), fruit weight without crown (kg) and brix degrees were higher in the dose applied through the SIRDF, on the contrary, the weight of the crown (kg) was greater in the control. Limitations of the study / implications: The quality of the loggerhead pineapple plant materials, agronomic management and the attack of mealybugs affect the observations of yield and quality of the fruit. Findings / conclusions: The fruits produced with the SIRDF doses presented lower Brix degrees than those of the smooth Cayenne and MD cultivars. It can produce between 56 and 58 tha-1 of fresh fruit. This study shows that the doses of fertilizers obtained by SIRDF show positive results to improve the production of Creole pineapple in Tabasco.Objective: To improve the nutrition of the pineapple (Ananas comosus) cultivation using fertilizers. Design/Methodology/Approach: The Sistema Integrado para Recomendar Dosis de Fertilizantes (SIRDF) established the fertilization doses for pineapple in the Cutanic Acrisol (Endoclayic, Hyperdystric, Ferric) (ACct(ncehdfr)) —N(230kg)-P(183kg)-K(300kg)— and Cutanic Acrisol (Endoclayic, Ferric) (ACct(ncefr)) —N(253kg)-P(138kg)-K(360kg)— soil sub-units. The SIRDF doses were compared with the control dose (producer): N(85kg), P(85kg), and K(85kg). Results: The fruits harvested from the ACct(ncehdfr) soil to which the SIRDF dose was applied were larger (cm, without the crown), heavier (kg, with and without the crown), and also had higher °Brix values compared with control. This was not the case for the crown, which was heavier when the producer dose was applied. Meanwhile, the produce harvested from the ACct(ncefr) soil to which the SIRDF dose was applied included taller plants (cm), larger fruits (cm, with crown), larger crowns (cm), wider fruits (cm, circumference), heavier fruits (kg, with and without crown), and higher °Brix values; on the contrary, the crowns were heavier (kg) in control. Study Limitations/Implications: Yield and fruit quality observations are affected by the quality of the Cabezona pineapple vegetable materials, agronomic management, and the attack of citrus mealybugs. Findings/Conclusions: The fruits produced using the SIRDF doses had lower °Brix than the Cayena Lisa and MD pineapples. A 56-58 t ha-1 volume of fruit can be produced. This study proves that the doses established by the SIRDF had positive results for the improvement of the Cabezona pineapple production in Tabasco, Mexico

Relationship between the paraoxonase (PON1) L55M and Q192R polymorphisms and obesity in a Mexican population: a pilot study

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the L55M and Q192R paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms and obesity in a population of adult Mexican workers. The study population included 127 adult individuals from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, ranging in age from 20 to 56 years and representing both sexes. Based on body mass index, 63 individuals were classified as obese and 64 as normal weight. The PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR analysis. Both arylesterase and paraoxonase activity levels were similar in both groups, whereas systolic pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels were higher in the obese group than in the normal-weight group (P < 0.05). An exception was the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, which were lower in the obese group (P < 0.05). Although the PON1-Q192R polymorphism was not associated with either group, the frequency of the homozygous L genotype for the PON1-L55M polymorphism was higher in the obese group than in the normal-weight group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study established a positive association between the PON1-L55M homozygous L genotype and obesity