Proportionality of Population Descriptors of Metacercariae of Clinostomum marginatum in the Orobranchial Cavity of Black Bass (Micropterus spp.) from Arkansas Ozark and Ouachita Streams

In a previous study of Clinostomum marginatum metacercariae in Micropterus dolomieu, I reported that the population parameters of mean abundance, standard deviation, maximum abundance, mean intensity and mean intensity standard deviation were proportional between the total population and the orobranchial numbers for 16 locations in Arkansas Ozark and Ouachita streams. This allowed an assessment of the parasite populations by only examining the mouth and gill areas without sacrificing a valued sports fish. The present study examined the same orobranchial parameters utilizing correlation and descriptive statistics to determine if proportionality also existed between the different localities. I have now included an analysis of skewness and kurtosis (drift and shape) of the populations’ curves. Proportionality of regression values was highly significant in terms of R² and P between all parameters except prevalence, which showed much weaker correlations with the other parameters. The interpretation of these results is that the distribution of infections in the different bass populations are density independent i.e., although the numbers of parasites change from location to location, the pattern of distribution in the host populations remains similar. This may best be explained by a spatiality of distance from the infection source (snails) and nonrandom distribution of hosts (bass) producing aggregation near the snails and a negative binomial distribution throughout the population

The future of education? Using 3D animation and virtual reality in teaching physiology

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Passive solar reflector satellite revisited

Passive light weight reflectors in space which direct the incident solar energy to a specified location on the Earth surface are proposed as an alternative system for the solar power satellite to overcome conversion losses and to avoid the need for photovoltaic cells. On Earth, either photovoltaic cells or a steam turbine alternator on a solar tower, or a similar conventional, relatively high efficiency cycle are used for electricity generation. The constraints which apply to the design of the optical system if a single satellite is placed in geostationary orbit are outlined. A single lens and a two lens system are discussed

Coal desulfurization by chlorinolysis production and combustion test evaluation of product coals

Laboratory-scale screening tests were carried out on coal from Harrison County, Ohio to establish chlorination and hydrodesulfurization conditions for the batch reactor production of chlorinolysis and chlorinolysis-hydrodesulfurized coals. In addition, three bituminous coals, were treated on the lab scale by the chlorinolysis process to provide 39 to 62% desulfurization. Two bituminous coals and one subbituminous coal were then produced in 11 to 15 pound lots as chlorinolysis and hydrodesulfurized coals. The chlorinolysis coals had a desulfurization of 29-69%, reductions in voltatiles and hydrogen. Hydrodesulfurization provided a much greater desulfurization (56-86%), reductions in volatiles and hydrogen. The three coals were combustion tested in the Penn State ""plane flame furnace'' to determine ignition and burning characteristics. All three coals burned well to completion as: raw coals, chlorinolysis processed coals, and hydrodesulfurized coals. The hydrodesulfurized coals experienced greater ignition delays and reduced burning rates than the other coals because of the reduced volatile content. It is thought that the increased open pore volume in the desulfurized-devolatilized coals compensates in part for the decreased volatiles effect on ignition and burning

The relationship between independence, inclusion and well-being: the perspective of older citizens living in Coventry, U.K.

Independence, inclusion and wellbeing are commonly seen in a complementary relationship in policy and research literature. This paper examines the meaning of these terms for older citizens living in Coventry and the implications for policy implementation. The data presented, obtained from a large community survey of citizens of 55 years and over living in Coventry, found that although most survey participants were able to function independently, participate in ordinary community life and enjoyed reasonable physical and mental health, many others experienced a series of significant barriers to inclusion and wellbeing. The paper concludes that there is no automatic convergence between independence, inclusion and wellbeing at the level of the individual citizen and that to address this issue, more socially inclusive rather than individualistic forms of independence may be more appropriate goals for local public agencie