30 research outputs found

    Les mycorhizes : un outil de protection des plantes mais non une panacée

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    Les mycorhizes arbusculaires constituent la symbiose vĂ©gĂ©tale la plus rĂ©pandue Ă  l’échelle planĂ©taire. Les champignons concernĂ©s, regroupĂ©s dans le phylum Glomeromycota et distribuĂ©s sur l’ensemble des Ă©cosystĂšmes, colonisent la majoritĂ© des plantes terrestres. Aux avantages bien connus des mycorhizes sur la croissance vĂ©gĂ©tale, s’ajoutent plusieurs bĂ©nĂ©fices, notamment pour la survie des plantes, leur biodiversitĂ©, l’impact sur la microflore du sol et le potentiel d’agent de rĂ©duction des stress tant abiotiques que biotiques. Devant une telle panoplie d’avantages pour les plantes et l’environnement, on pourrait croire que les mycorhizes reprĂ©sentent une panacĂ©e Ă  plusieurs problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă  la production et Ă  la protection des vĂ©gĂ©taux. Le complexe « plante-mycorhize-parasite-environnement » constitue la norme Ă  maintenir ou Ă  retrouver pour assurer la durabilitĂ© de l’environnement. Le fonctionnement des mycorhizes comme agent de lutte biologique touche globalement cinq mĂ©canismes d’interaction. Certains concernent directement la plante, soit : 1) une stimulation de croissance par le biais d’un apport nutritif accru et une meilleure santĂ© vĂ©gĂ©tale, 2) une transformation morphologique au niveau racinaire, 3) l’induction ou la suppression de mĂ©canismes de dĂ©fense, notamment ceux impliquant plusieurs enzymes. D’autres agissent sur le parasite : 4) via une compĂ©tition directe avec les champignons mycorhiziens liĂ©e Ă  la disponibilitĂ© de nutriments et de sites d’infection, et sur la structure et la qualitĂ© du sol, par le biais d’une 5) modification de la microflore et de l’augmentation du taux de matiĂšre organique.[Mycorrhizae: a potential tool for plant protection but not a panacea]Arbuscular mycorrhizae are the plant symbiosis the most widely spread on the planet. These fungi, grouped in the phylum Glomeromycota, are distributed over all terrestrial ecosystems and found associated with the majority of land plants. To the well-known positive impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizae on plant yields should be added several other benefits such as a better survival rate of colonized plants, the maintenance of plant biodiversity, the improvement of soil microflora, and the reduction in harmful effects of both biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. Given such a panoply of benefits to plants and their environment, one could believe that mycorrhizae represent a panacea for solving problems related to plant production and plant protection. In fact, the “plant-mycorrhizae-pathogen-environment” complex constitutes a standard condition to be maintained or to be recovered in order to ensure the sustainability of the environment. The potential of mycorrhizae as a biocontrol agent globally covers five known mechanisms of interaction. Three of them concern the direct effect of symbiosis on plants. They are: 1) plant growth stimulation through an increased nutritive contribution and, consequently, better plant health; 2) the morphological transformation of the root system; and 3) the induction or suppression of defense mechanisms, and this mainly at the enzymatic level. Another mechanism concerns the pathogen: 4) through a direct competition with mycorrhizal fungi linked with nutrient availability and infection sites. Finally, mycorrhizae indirectly influence the soil structure and quality through: 5) the modification of the soil microflora and an increase in organic matter

    Correction: Spore development and nuclear inheritance in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A conventional tenet of classical genetics is that progeny inherit half their genome from each parent in sexual reproduction instead of the complete genome transferred to each daughter during asexual reproduction. The transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to their offspring is therefore predictable, although several exceptions are known. Heredity in microorganisms, however, can be very complex, and even unknown as is the case for coenocytic organisms such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). This group of fungi are plant-root symbionts, ubiquitous in most ecosystems, which reproduce asexually via multinucleate spores for which sexuality has not yet been observed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We examined the number of nuclei per spore of four AMF taxa using high Z-resolution live confocal microscopy and found that the number of nuclei was correlated with spore diameter. We show that AMF have the ability, through the establishment of new symbioses, to pass hundreds of nuclei to subsequent generations of multinucleated spores. More importantly, we observed surprising heterogeneity in the number of nuclei among sister spores and show that massive nuclear migration and mitosis are the mechanisms by which AMF spores are formed. We followed spore development of <it>Glomus irregulare </it>from hyphal swelling to spore maturity and found that the spores reached mature size within 30 to 60 days, and that the number of nuclei per spores increased over time.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that the spores used for dispersal of AMF contain nuclei with two origins, those that migrate into the spore and those that arise by mitosis in the spore. Therefore, these spores do not represent a stage in the life cycle with a single nucleus, raising the possibility that AMF, unlike all other known eukaryotic organisms, lack the genetic bottleneck of a single-nucleus stage.</p

    17. Les champignons et la santé

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    Les champignons jouent depuis des millĂ©naires un rĂŽle primordial dans la survie et la santĂ© des humains. Depuis leur reprĂ©sentation sur les pĂ©troglyphes de Tassili jusqu’à l’homme d’Ötzi (~ 3000 avant notre Ăšre), aux Ă©crits de l’AntiquitĂ©, du Moyen-Âge et de la Renaissance, on retrouve, chez des peuples de tous les continents, des preuves de leur usage mĂ©dicinal (voir chap. 20). Nombre de champignons figurent dans la pharmacopĂ©e des civilisations asiatique, indienne, amĂ©rindienne, aztĂšque, ar..

    8. L’histoire de la mycologie

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    Les champignons existent sur terre depuis plusieurs centaines de millions d’annĂ©es (encadrĂ© 8.1). Au fil des siĂšcles, ils suscitĂšrent chez nos ancĂȘtres une grande curiositĂ©. Ils devinrent rapidement nourritures et remĂšdes, dĂ©clencheurs de lĂ©gendes et de mystĂšres. Puis, on voulut mieux les comprendre, accroĂźtre notre connaissance sur leurs modes de vie, leur reproduction, leur physiologie et les applications qui en dĂ©coulent, ce qui donna naissance Ă  une discipline biologique nouvelle : la myc..

    Influence of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on three strawberry cultivars under salty conditions

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    Plant adaptation to hyperosmotic environments is generally associated with reduced growth and ultimately yield loss, making farming difficult. The potential of mycorrhizal symbioses to alleviate salt stress has been documented and benefits to plant revealed to be specific and dependent to both plant cultivars and fungal strains.  A factorial greenhouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species (Funneliformis caledonius, F. mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis) on three ‘day-neutral’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars (‘Albion’, ‘Charlotte’ and ‘Seascape’), and a mixture of R. irregularis and F. mosseae on ‘Seascape’, under four salt conditions (0–200 mM NaCl).  The overall results showed that plant biomass decreased with increasing salinity.  The cultivars responded differently to both AMF and salinity, and ‘Seascape’ was more tolerant to salinity than the other cultivars.  AMF enhanced plant growth and improved salt tolerance by increasing the proportion of medium (0.5&lt;ɞ≀1.5 mm) and coarse (Éž&gt;1.5 mm) diameter roots. The mixture of two AMF species increased root and shoot mass to a higher degree than each species alone at low salinity (0–50 mM) but reduced fruit quality.  At higher levels (100–200 mM), R. irregularis alleviated salt stress and improved fruit quality to a higher degree than the other AMF species.  Our results support the use of bio-inoculants in saline horticultural areas.  Because cultivars respond differently to fungal inoculants, and inoculants prefer specific environmental conditions, fungal inoculants need to be screened on a cultivar- and condition-specific basis

    3. L’écologie des champignons

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    Tout comme les vĂ©gĂ©taux, les champignons se propagent sous toutes les latitudes terrestres, avec la diffĂ©rence qu’ils colonisent une variĂ©tĂ© beaucoup plus large d’écosystĂšmes, d’habitats et de substrats. On les retrouve tant sur la terre que dans l’eau et mĂȘme dans l’air, qui leur sert principalement de vecteur de propagation. Leurs divers rĂŽles dans l’environnement, directement liĂ©s Ă  leurs modes de vie (voir chap. 2), en font des organismes indispensables pour la survie des animaux, la prot..

    9. La classification des champignons

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    DÚs que les humains observÚrent les champignons et, certainement y goûtÚrent, ils en établirent tout naturellement des catégories fondées sur la couleur, le goût, la texture et les effets agréables ou nocifs, tout comme ils le firent avec les animaux et les plantes. Ce furent les premiers pas de la taxonomie, cette science qui établit les lois régissant la classification. Puis vint la nécessité de nommer les organismes observés, soit par une description brÚve, soit par un simple nom, établiss..

    Phosphate Transporter Genes as Reliable Gene Markers for the Identification and Discrimination of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Genus Glomus ▿ §

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    An inorganic phosphate transporter gene sequence (852-bp section) allowed discrimination between 10 Glomus fungal species represented by 25 strains. It was particularly valuable in differentiating between morphologically similar species with nucleotide and amino acid sequence differences higher than 3%. This gene is proposed as a reliable barcode for the Glomeromycetes
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