Aspects of the innate immune response to intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infections in cattle

Staphylococcus aureus es el principal agente causante de mastitis bovina en Argentina y en el mundo. Esta bacteria ocasiona infecciones crónicas que generan importantes pérdidas a los productores y la industria lechera. El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar los mecanismos que intervienen en la infección causada por S. aureus en la glándula mamaria bovina, evaluando dos aspectos diferentes del proceso infeccioso: por un lado, lo vinculado con la respuesta inmune innata por parte del hospedador, y por otro, la capacidad de la bacteria para evadir el sistema inmune e interactuar con diferentes tipos celulares. La exploración de la interacción de S. aureus con el sistema inmune de la glándula mamaria bovina permitirá identificar blancos para delinear nuevas alternativas preventivas o curativas, que contribuyan a evitar o eliminar las infecciones causadas por este organismo.Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen most frequently isolated from bovine mastitis worldwide, causing chronic intramammary infections that limit proÀ table dairying. The objective of this article is to characterize the mechanisms involved in S. aureus mammary gland infections considering two different aspects of the infectious process; on the one hand, the aspects involved in the host innate immune response and on the other hand, the capacity of this organism to evade the immune system and interact with different cell types. The exploration of S. aureus interactions with the immune response of bovine mammary gland will help identify targets to outline new preventive or curative alternatives for intramammary infections caused by this organism.Fil: Pereyra, Elizabet Amanda Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Cs.veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Cs.veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentin

Functional role of antibodies generated in heifers through immunization with Staphylococcus aureus vaccines in invasion and phagocytosis assays

A successful Staphylococcus aureus vaccine should elicit a long-term antibody response that prevents establishment of the infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the functional role of antibodies raised against different S. aureus CP5 vaccines in invasion to bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and phagocytosis by bovine milk macrophages in vitro. Sera and whey from cows immunized with a whole-cell S. aureus CP5 vaccine adjuvanted with Al(OH)3 or with ISCOM Matrix, significantly reduced internalization of S. aureus in MAC-T cells without significant differences between both groups. The effect of antibodies generated by a S. aureus whole-cell and a lysate vaccine formulated with ISCOM Matrix was also evaluated. Sera and whey from both immunized groups significantly reduced S. aureus internalization in MAC-T cells without significant differences between both groups. Whey antibodies against whole-cell and lysate vaccines were also able to inhibit internalization in MAC-T cells of a heterologous S. aureus strain. In addition, sera from animals vaccinated with S. aureus lysate or bacterin promoted milk macrophage phagocytosis. These results provide an insight into the potential mechanisms by which these vaccines can afford protection to the mammary gland against S. aureus intramammary infection.EEA RafaelaFil: Renna, Maria Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, Elizabet Amanda Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Baravalle, Celina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Camussone, Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Marcipar, Iván Sergio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentin

Effect of Panax ginseng on cytokine expression in bovine mammary glands at drying off

Biological response modifiers (BRM) are agents that modify the host's response to pathogens with resultant beneficial prophylactic or therapeutic effects. The objectives of this study were to describe the immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng (GS) on bovine mammary glands at the end of lactation. Eight mammary quarters from six nonpregnant cows in late lactation were infused with 10 mL of BRM (3 mg/mL), six quarters were treated with placebo (vehicle alone) and six quarters were maintained as uninoculated controls. Milk samples were collected at different time points for detection of specific cytokines mRNA by RT-PCR and Western blotting assay. A significant increase of IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression was observed in BRM-treated compared with placebo-treated quarters at 48 h post-treatment (pt) (P<0.05). A 17 kDa TNF-α band expressed a sharp elevation at 24 h and reduction in its level at 48 h pt in BRM-treated quarters. Differences in this cytokine level between 24 and 48 h pt times were significant (P<0.05). GS extract inoculation at drying off was associated with somatic cell counts increase, cytokines mRNA transcription and the presence of TNF-α in milk and can therefore exert immunomodulating effects in bovine mammary gland at drying off.Fil: Baravalle, Celina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ortega, Hugo Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Neder, V.E.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Canavesio, V.R.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentin

The effect of a single intramammary infusion of a biological response modifier in cows at drying off

Biological response modifiers (BRM) are compounds that interact with the immune system to regulate specific aspects of host response. The objective of this study was to describe clinical and morphological changes during involution of bovine mammary gland following a single-dose infusion of a BRM containing lipopolysaccharide and cellular fractions of Escherichia coli incorporated into liposomes. A massive leukocyte response and increased subepithelial stroma infiltration of mononuclear cells, eosinophils and mast cells was observed in BRM-treated quarters compared with untreated controls; however, morphologic parameters assessed at 11 days post infusion were indicative of only slightly accelerated involution compared with untreated controls. In addition, BRM infusion at the end of lactation did not interfere with mammary epithelial cell proliferation and caused only mild systemic effects.Fil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Ortega, Hugo Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Iguzquiza, I.A.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Salvetti, Natalia Raquel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Quaino, Paola Monica. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis Fernando. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentin

Effect of a biological response modifier on expression of CD14 receptor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Staphylococcus aureus-infected mammary glands at drying off

Agents that increase natural protective mechanisms have been proposed for prevention and treatment of intramammary infections. The objectives of this study were to get an insight of innate immune mechanisms that occur during bovine mammary involution in both uninfected and chronically Staphylococcus aureus-infected glands and to describe the effects on those mechanisms of a single intramammary infusion of a LPS-based biological response modifier (BRM) at the end of lactation. Three groups of 12 cows, each one including 6 S. aureus-infected and 6 uninfected, were infused in two mammary quarters with BRM or placebo and sacrificed at 7, 14 and 21 d of involution. In uninfected and S. aureus-infected quarters treated with a BRM, the number of monocytes/macrophages detected with CD14 antibody was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in placebo-treated quarters at every sampling evaluation period. In uninfected quarters, the TNF-α staining area was not affected by BRM treatment. However, in infected quarters, the immunostained area for TNF-α was significantly higher than in uninfected quarters and BRM treatment was associated with increased staining at 21 d of involution.Fil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Baravalle, Celina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Ortega, Hugo Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Tumini, M.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Canavesio, V.R.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Neder, V.E.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis Fernando. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Eea, Rafaela; Argentin

Panax ginseng extract reduces Staphylococcus aureus internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells but does not affect macrophages phagocytic activity

Panax ginseng extract (PGe) has been shown to possess immunomodulatory effects in healthy dairy cows at drying off and to trigger an adequate immune response to protect from an experimental intramammary infection (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus in a murine model. S. aureus is one of the major pathogens isolated from bovine IMI; being capable to invade and survive within mammary epithelial cells. However, the precise mechanism by which PGe interacts with bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and bovine macrophages in the course of a S. aureus infection remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of PGe on MAC-T cytokine response and on the internalization of S. aureus into MAC-T. In addition, we evaluated the effect of PGe on the phagocytic activity of macrophages isolated from bovine mammary secretions. Results shown that MAC-T cells TLR4 and NF-κB mRNA expression was not affected by PGe at all evaluated times. IL-6 mRNA expression and protein level and IL-4 protein level were significantly induced in MAC-T treated with 3 mg/ml of PGe. PGe at 3 mg/ml reduced significantly the internalization of two S. aureus strains in MAC-T. In addition, PGe did not affect the percentage of phagocytosis and the NO and ROS production of macrophages co-cultured with two strains of S. aureus. These results, obtained in in vitro models together with those obtained in in vivo previous studies carried out in bovines and mice can contribute to improve the understanding of the effects of PGe following inoculation in bovine mammary glands.EEA RafaelaFil: Beccaría, Camila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Silvestrini, Paula. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Renna, María Sol. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Ortega, Hugo Hector. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Baravalle, Celina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentin

Heat Shock Protein 70 and Sex Steroid Receptors in the Follicular Structures of Induced Ovarian Cysts

The purpose of this study was to estimate the expression and relative amounts of estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and their isoforms as well as heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in ovaries of rats with induced cystic ovarian disease (COD). Primary, secondary, tertiary, atretic, and cystic follicles were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and total ovarian proteins were analyzed by Western blot. In the granulosa layer, growing and cystic follicles in the treated group have a higher expression of ERá than growing follicles of control individuals. In the theca interna layer, the tertiary follicles presented a significantly higher expression of ERá in the treated group. An increase in the total ERá protein was detected in the treated group. Granulosa cells of all growing, atretic, and cystic follicles show a lower expression of ERâ in animals with COD and the total protein expression of ERâ was lower in this group. The expression of PR was lower in the granulosa cell layer of tertiary and cystic follicles in treated animals and theca interna layer had less intense immunostaining in this group. Although there were no differences in the expression of PR-B by Western blotting, the expression of PR-A was higher and the expression of PR-C was smaller in the treated group. An intense HSP70 immunostaining was observed in the cells of cystic follicles. By Western blotting, higher protein expression of HSP70 was detected in the ovarian samples of the control group than those of the treated ones. Ovaries of animals with COD exhibited an altered steroid receptor expression and subtype balance compared with control animals, and an increase in the HSP70 immunoexpression.Fil: Salvetti, Natalia Raquel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Baravalle, Celina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Mira, G. A.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Gimeno, Eduardo Juan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Rey, Florencia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Ortega, Hugo Hector. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; Argentin

Intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng extract in the bovine mammary gland at cessation of milking modifies components of the insulin-like growth factor system during involution

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng extract (GS) on insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in bovine mammary gland during early involution. Eight mammary quarters from six nonpregnant cows in late lactation were infused with 10 mL of ginseng extract solution (3 mg/mL), six quarters were treated with 10 mL of placebo (vehicle alone) and six quarters were maintained as uninoculated controls. Milking was interrupted after infusion. Concentrations of IGF1 in mammary secretions were higher in GS-treated quarters than in placebo and uninoculated control quarters at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (p < 0.05). Treatment with GS did not affect mammary secretion of IGF2 (p = 0.942). At 7 d of post-lactational involution, a decrease of immunostained area and mRNA expression for IGF1 was observed in mammary tissue of GS-treated quarters compared with placebo-treated quarters and uninoculated controls (p < 0.05). The IGF2 immunostained area and mRNA expression for this growth factor were not affected by GS treatment (p = 0.216 and p = 0.785, respectively). An increase in protein levels and mRNA expression in mammary tissue of IGFBP3, IGFBP4 and IGFBP5 was observed in GS-treated quarters compared with placebo-treated quarters and uninoculated controls (p < 0.05). These results provide evidence that intramammary inoculation of GS extract at cessation of milking may promote early mammary involution through the inhibition of IGF1 local production and bioavailability.EEA RafaelaFil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pujato, Silvina A.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Baravalle, Celina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, Elizabet Amanda Lorena. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rey, Florencia. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Renna, Maria Sol. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentin

In vitro evaluation of ginsenoside Rg1 immunostimulating effect in bovine mononuclear cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mammary secretion and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MSMC and PBMC, respectively). The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4 and selected cytokines were evaluated on MSMC after Rg1 treatment. Also, TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression was evaluated on MSMC and PBMC after Rg1 treatment. Phagocytic activity and capacity, ROS production and MHC-II expression were evaluated on MSMC and PBMC after Rg1 treatment and co-culture with Staphylococcus aureus strain 5011. Rg1 induced mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in groups treated with different concentrations and at different times in MSMC, and induced TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression in MSMC and PBMC. Rg1 increased phagocytic capacity and ROS production in MSMC and PBMC. Rg1 increased MHC-II expression by PBMC. However, Rg1 pre-treatment had no effect on cells co-cultured with S. aureus. In conclusion, Rg1 was able to stimulate several sensing and effector activities in these immune cells.EEA RafaelaFil: Silvestrini, Paula. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Silvestrini, Paula. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Beccaria, Camila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Beccaria, Camila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Renna, Maria S. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Renna, Maria S. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Engler, Carolina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Engler, Carolina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Valeria Simonutti. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Valeria Simonutti. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Ivana Cellone. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, Luis. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas; ArgentinaFil: Dallard, Bibiana E. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Dallard, Bibiana E. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Baravalle, Celina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Baravalle, Celina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentin

Proinflammatory cytokines and CD14 expression in mammary tissue of cows following intramammary inoculation of Panax ginseng at drying off

The lack of efficacy of conventional strategies for the maintenance of healthy udders in domestic cattle has prompted studies on the use of immunomodulators or biological response modifiers (BRM) for this purpose. These compounds are agents that modify the host's response to pathogens leading to beneficial effects on disease outcome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng (GS) extract on the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the number of monocytes/macrophages present in bovine mammary tissues at drying off. Eight mammary quarters from six nonpregnant cows in late lactation were infused with 10 mL of GS (3 mg/mL), six quarters were treated with 10 mL of placebo (vehicle alone) and six quarters were maintained as uninoculated controls. The analyses of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by immunohistochemistry revealed that the production of this proinflammatory cytokine significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the inoculated mammary glands of cows following BRM inoculation, whereas the interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) and IL-6 staining area was not affected by BRM treatment. The number of monocytes/macrophages detected with CD14 antibody was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in BRM-treated quarters than in placebo and uninoculated control quarters. These results indicated an immunomodulator potential of the BRM used. The beneficial effect of the extract could be used as alternative therapy in the control of mastitis at drying off, either alone or in conjunction with dry cow antibiotic therapy.Fil: Baravalle, Celina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias ; ArgentinaFil: Dallard, Bibiana Elisabet. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias ; ArgentinaFil: Cadoche, M. C.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias ; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, Elizabet Amanda Lorena. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Neder, V. E.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Ortega, H. H.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias ; ArgentinaFil: Calvinho, L. F.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias ; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentin