Protease recognition sites in Bet v 1a are cryptic, explaining its slow processing relevant to its allergenicity

Despite a high similarity with homologous protein families, only few proteins trigger an allergic immune response with characteristic TH2 polarization. This puzzling observation is illustrated by the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1a and its hypoallergenic protein isoforms, e.g., Bet v 1d. Given the key role of proteolytic processing in antigen presentation and T cell polarization, we investigated the recognition of Bet v 1 isoforms by the relevant protease cathepsin S. We found that at moderately acidic pH values Bet v 1a bound to cathepsin S with significantly lower affinity and was more slowly cleaved than its hypoallergenic isoform Bet v 1d. Only at pH values 4.5 the known proteolytic cleavage sites in Bet v 1a became accessible, resulting in a strong increase in affinity towards cathepsin S. Antigen processing and class II MHC loading occurs at moderately acidic compartments where processing of Bet v 1a and Bet v 1d differs distinctly. This difference translates into low and high density class II MHC loading and subsequently in TH2 and TH1 polarization, respectively.W_01213(VLID)166100

The Journal of Biological Chemistry / Structural analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana legumain reveal differential recognition and processing of proteolysis and ligation substrates

Legumain is a dual-function proteasepeptide ligase whose activities are of great interest to researchers studying plant physiology and to biotechnological applications. However, the molecular mechanisms determining the specificities for proteolysis and ligation are unclear because structural information on the substrate recognition by a fully activated plant legumain is unavailable. Here, we present the X-ray structure of Arabidopsis thaliana legumain isoform (AtLEG) in complex with the covalent peptidic Ac-YVAD chloromethyl ketone (CMK) inhibitor targeting the catalytic cysteine. Mapping of the specificity pockets preceding the substrate-cleavage site explained the known substrate preference. The comparison of inhibited and free AtLEG structures disclosed a substrate-induced disorderorder transition with synergistic rearrangements in the substrate-recognition sites. Docking and in vitro studies with an AtLEG ligase substrate, sunflower trypsin inhibitor (SFTI), revealed a canonical, protease substratelike binding to the active sitebinding pockets preceding and following the cleavage site. We found the interaction of the second residue after the scissile bond, P2′S2′, to be critical for deciding on proteolysis versus cyclization. cis-trans-Isomerization of the cyclic peptide product triggered its release from the AtLEG active site and prevented inadvertent cleavage. The presented integrative mechanisms of proteolysis and ligation (transpeptidation) explain the interdependence of legumain and its preferred substrates and provide a rational framework for engineering optimized proteases, ligases, and substrates.W_01213M1901(VLID)266778

Comparing proteolytic fingerprints of antigen-presenting cells during allergen processing

<span>Endolysosomal processing has a critical influence on immunogenicity as well as immune polarization of protein</span><span class="searchterm">antigens</span><span>. In industrialized countries, allergies affect around 25% of the population. For the rational design of protein-based allergy therapeutics for immunotherapy, a good knowledge of T cell-reactive regions on allergens is required. Thus, we sought to analyze endolysosomal degradation patterns of inhalant allergens. Four major allergens from ragweed, birch, as well as house dust mites were produced as recombinant proteins. Endolysosomal proteases were purified by differential centrifugation from dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, and combined with allergens for</span><span class="searchterm">proteolytic</span><span>processing. Thereafter, endolysosomal proteolysis was monitored by protein gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. We found that the overall</span><span class="searchterm">proteolytic</span><span>activity of specific endolysosomal fractions differed substantially, whereas the degradation patterns of the four model allergens obtained with the different proteases were extremely similar. Moreover, previously identified T cell epitopes were assigned to endolysosomal peptides and indeed showed a good overlap with known T cell epitopes for all four candidate allergens. Thus, we propose that the degradome assay can be used as a predictor to determine</span><span class="searchterm">antigenic</span><span>peptides as potential T cell epitopes, which will help in the rational design of protein-based allergy vaccine candidates.</span>(VLID)219508

Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications Activation of legumain involves proteolytic and conformational events, resulting in a context-and substrate-dependent activity profile

Localized mainly to endo/lysosomes, legumain plays an important role in exogenous antigen processing and presentation. The cysteine protease legumain, also known as asparaginyl endopepetidase AEP, is synthesized as a zymogen and is known to undergo pH-dependent autoproteolytic activation whereby N-terminal and C-terminal propeptides are released. However, important mechanistic details of this pH-dependent activation as well as the characteristic pH activity profile remain unclear. Here, it is shown that all but one of the autocatalytic cleavage events occur in trans, with only the release of the C-terminal propeptide being relevant to enzymatic activity. An intriguing super-activation event that appears to be exclusively conformational in nature and enhances the enzymatic activity of proteolytically fully processed legumain by about twofold was also found. Accepting asparagines and, to lesser extent, aspartic acid in P1, super-activated legumain exhibits a marked pH dependence that is governed by the P1 residue of its substrate and conformationally stabilizing factors such as temperature or ligands. The crystallization and preliminary diffraction data analysis of active legumain are presented, which form an important basis for further studies that should clarify fundamental aspects of activation, activity and inactivation of legumain, which is a key target in (auto-)immunity and cancer

Legumain Activity Is Controlled by Extended Active Site Residues and Substrate Conformation

Legumain is a lysosomal cysteine protease with strict specificity for cleaving after asparagine residues. By sequence comparison, legumain belongs to MEROPS clan CD of the cysteine proteases, which indicates its structural and mechanistic relation to caspases. Contrasting caspases, legumain harbors a pH-dependent ligase activity in addition to the protease activity. Although we already have a significant body of knowledge on the catalytic activities of legumain, many mechanistic details are still elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that extended active site residues and substrate conformation are steering legumain activities. Biochemical experiments and bioinformatics analysis showed that the catalytic Cys189 and His148 residues are regulated by sterically close Glu190, Ser215 and Asn42 residues. While Glu190 serves as an activity brake, Ser215 and Asn42 have a favorable effect on legumain protease activity. Mutagenesis studies using caspase-9 as model enzyme additionally showed that a similar Glu190 activity brake is also implemented in the caspases. Furthermore, we show that the substrate’s conformational flexibility determines whether it will be hydrolyzed or ligated by legumain. The functional understanding of the extended active site residues and of substrate prerequisites will allow us to engineer proteases with increased enzymatic activity and better ligase substrates, with relevance for biotechnological applications

Biospektrum / Expression und Untersuchung von Pflanzenproteinen mit Leishmania tarentolae

Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that can be found in many eukaryotic proteins. Since it can be crucial for protein structure and function, properly glycosylated proteins are of paramount importance for crystal structure determination. The eukaryotic expression system LEXSY, based on the protozoan Leishmania tarentolae, has been used to express and crystallize fully glycosylated Arabidopsis thaliana legumain and elucidate the role of glycosylation for its function.(VLID)342481

Angewandte Chemie International Edition / Structure and mechanism of an aspartimide-dependent peptide ligase in human legumain

Peptide ligases expand the repertoire of genetically encoded protein architectures by synthesizing new peptide bonds, energetically driven by ATP or NTPs. Here, we report the discovery of a genuine ligase activity in human legumain (AEP) which has important roles in immunity and tumor progression that were believed to be due to its established cysteine protease activity. Defying dogma, the ligase reaction is independent of the catalytic cysteine but exploits an endogenous energy reservoir that results from the conversion of a conserved aspartate to a metastable aspartimide. Legumains dual proteaseligase activities are pH- and thus localization controlled, dominating at acidic and neutral pH, respectively. Their relevance includes reversible onoff switching of cystatin inhibitors and enzyme (in)activation, and may affect the generation of three-dimensional MHC epitopes. The aspartateaspartimide (succinimide) pair represents a new paradigm of coupling endergonic reactions in ATP-scarce environments.(VLID)221511

ACS Catalysis / Distinct roles of catalytic cysteine and histidine in the protease and ligase mechanisms of human legumain as revealed by DFT-based QM/MM simulations

The cysteine protease enzyme legumain hydrolyzes peptide bonds with high specificity after asparagine and under more acidic conditions after aspartic acid [Baker, E. N. J. Mol. Biol. 1980, 141, 441484; Baker, E. N.; J. Mol. Biol. 1977, 111, 207210; Drenth, J.; Biochemistry 1976, 15, 37313738; Menard, R.; J. Cell. Biochem. 1994, 137; Polgar, L. Eur. J. Biochem. 1978, 88, 513521; Storer, A. C.; Methods Enzymol. 1994, 244, 486500. Remarkably, legumain additionally exhibits ligase activity that prevails at pH > 5.5. The atomic reaction mechanisms including their pH dependence are only partly understood. Here we present a density functional theory (DFT)-based quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) study of the detailed reaction mechanism of both activities for human legumain in solution. Contrasting the situation in other papain-like proteases, our calculations reveal that the active site Cys189 must be present in the protonated state for a productive nucleophilic attack and simultaneous rupture of the scissile peptide bond, consistent with the experimental pH profile of legumain-catalyzed cleavages. The resulting thioester intermediate (INT1) is converted by water attack on the thioester into a second intermediate, a diol (INT2), which is released by proton abstraction by Cys189. Surprisingly, we found that ligation is not the exact reverse of the proteolysis but can proceed via two distinct routes. Whereas the transpeptidation route involves aminolysis of the thioester (INT1), at pH 6 a cysteine-independent, histidine-assisted ligation route was found. Given legumains important roles in immunity, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, our findings open up possibilities for targeted drug design in these fields.(VLID)223311

Plant Cell / Crystal Structure of Plant Legumain Reveals a Unique Two-Chain State with pH-Dependent Activity Regulation

The vacuolar cysteine protease legumain can cleave and selectively rebuild peptide bonds, thereby vastly expanding the sequential repertoire of biomolecules. In this context, plant legumains have recently attracted particular interest. Furthermore, legumains have important roles in many physiological processes, including programmed cell death. Their efficient peptide bond ligase activity has gained tremendous interest in the design of cyclic peptides for drug design. However, the mechanistic understanding of these dual activities is incomplete and partly conflicting. Here, we present the crystal structure of a plant legumain, Arabidopsis thaliana isoform- (AtLEG). Employing a conserved legumain fold, the plant legumain AtLEG revealed unique mechanisms of autoactivation, including a plant-specific two-chain activation state, which remains conformationally stable at neutral pH, which is a prerequisite for full ligase activity and survival in different cell compartments. The charge distribution around the 6-helix mediates the pH-dependent dimerization and serves as a gatekeeper for the active site, thus regulating its protease and ligase activity.(VLID)439893

The Peptide Ligase Activity of Human Legumain Depends on Fold Stabilization and Balanced Substrate Affinities

Protein modification by enzymatic breaking and forming of peptide bonds significantly expands the repertoire of genetically encoded protein sequences. The dual protease-ligase legumain exerts the two opposing activities within a single protein scaffold. Primarily localized to the endolysosomal system, legumain represents a key enzyme in the generation of antigenic peptides for subsequent presentation on the MHCII complex. Here we show that human legumain catalyzes the ligation and cyclization of linear peptides at near-neutral pH conditions, where legumain is intrinsically unstable. Conformational stabilization significantly enhanced legumain’s ligase activity, which further benefited from engineering the prime substrate recognition sites for improved affinity. Additionally, we provide evidence that specific legumain activation states allow for differential regulation of its activities. Together these results set the basis for engineering legumain proteases and ligases with applications in biotechnology and drug development