المسطحات الخضراء بين إشکالية التباين فى المجتمعات العمرانية ونظم التمويل Green Open Spaces between Urban Disparity and Financing Systems

تعانى المجتمعات العمرانية من إشکالية التباين والتى تعمل على إفراز مشاکل کثيرة خاصة المشاکل الاجتماعية والنفسية والأمنية، حيث تنتج ظاهرة التباين مشاعر متفاوتة بين الغضب والحقد والشعور بالفوارق الطبقية مما يوجد مجتمعات ناقمة على مجتمعات أخرى والذى يؤدى بدوره إلى مظاهر العنف والجريمة التى تهدد أمن وسلامة تلک المجتمعات. وتهدف الورقة البحثية إلى إيجاد حل لمشکلة التباين فى المسطحات الخضراء من خلال الترکيز على أحد الأسباب لإيجاد هذه الإشکالية ألا وهى مشکلة التمويل. ومن ثم يعتمد البحث على فرضية أن الإدارة المثلى لنظم التمويل تعد مدخلا فاعلا فى حل إشکالية التباين فى المسطحات الخضراء. ولذا ينقسم البحث إلى شقين نظرى وتحليلي؛ حيث يتم فى الشق النظرى طرح بعض نظم التمويل المتواجدة من خلال الأدبيات المنشورة بهدف انتقاء النظم الملائمة للواقع المصرى لتمويل المسطحات الخضراء، ويتم عرض إشکالية التمويل المؤدية إلى التباين فى المسطحات الخضراء والتى تظهر فى کلا من المجتمعات العمرانية القائمة والجديدة على حد سواء. ثم ينتقل البحث إلى الدراسة التحليلية حيث يتم تحليل بعض الأمثلة الممثلة لظاهرة التباين فى المجتمعات العمرانية المتجاورة والتى تعد بمثابة قنبلة موقوتة تهدد المجتمع بأکمله. وتنتهى الورقة البحثية باقتراح إطار لنظام تمويلى للمسطحات الخضراء بما يحقق العدالة الاجتماعية لدى فئات الشعب المختلفة فى أحقية تلک الفئات من المسطحات الخضراء. Urban communities suffer from the disparity phenomenon that led to social, psychological, and security problems. Disparity causes negative feelings of anger and hatred in addition to maximizing feelings of discrimination. As a result, crime, violence, and bullying threaten communities. The research aims at finding the solution for disparity by highlighting one of the major reasons for this problem, which is mainly financial. Therefore, the research adopts the hypothesis that successful financial management is the life jacket to solve disparity in urban communities, especially open green areas. To fulfill this aim, the paper is divided into two sections: theoretical, and analytical. Through the theoretical part, the research discusses some financing systems that aim to find the most suitable one for Egyptian communities. Also, the research discusses the different financing systems that differ in both old and new communities and pinpoints the reasons for disparity between adjacent urban communities. In the analytical part, the paper analyzes selected examples for old and new urban communities, which suffer from disparity in open green spaces that appear clearly in adjacent communities. Finally, the research suggests a guideline for financing systems that could be adequate for the Egyptian case, with the intention of minimizing disparity between communities to provide citizens with equal rights regardless of their social classes

Comparison of the osteogenic differentiation potential of mesenchymal cells isolated from human bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and placenta derived stem cells

Bone marrow has been considered for long time as the main source for mesenchymal stem cells. However, bone marrow aspiration is an invasive process that can be associated with morbidity as well as few numbers of obtained cells. Umbilical cord blood and placental tissues are other potential sources for the same type of cells. These sources are abundant, accessible and associated with no harm to the donor. This study aimed at determining the differentiation of the three cell types towards the osteogenic lineage in short term culture and in classical osteogenic conditions. The gene expression profile showed that bone marrow derived cells were the most responsive to the culture conditions while umbilical cord blood derived cells were next, as shown by the expression by the osteogenic key transcription factors ‘Runx-2’ and osterix. At the meantime, umbilical cord blood and placenta derived cells showed significant enhancement of the gene expression over the study course, which denoted potential response of the cells. Based on these results and the availability of these two sources, umbilical cord blood and placenta should still be considered as potential sources for mesenchymal stem cells in osteogenic research program. However their differentiation potential will need further enhancement