Do Human Arts Really Offer a Lower Return to Education?

Is the wage gap between majors in human arts and other fields caused by the education? If the educational choice is endogenous, the wage gap may instead be caused by selection. We document that individuals’ educational choice is correlated with that of older students and by the concentration of women in their high school. Conditional on high school fixed effects, these characteristics are unlikely to affect post-university wages and are plausible instruments for the educational choice. Our 2SLS estimates reveal that the gap in returns to education is negligible, implying that the wage gap is attributable to selection

Do Human Arts Really Offer a Lower Return to Education?

Is the wage gap between majors in human arts and other fields caused by their education per se? If the educational choice is endogenous, the gap may instead be caused by selection. We document that individuals’ educational choice is correlated with that of older students, and argue that it should not influence wages directly. Exploiting this "cohort dependence" as an instrument for educational choice, our 2SLS estimates show that the hourly wage gap is attributable to selection. However, only half of the gap in annual earnings is explained by selection, whereas the other half is due to lower work hours

Production of steviol glycosides in recombinant hosts

Properties of nitrogen cluster plasmas produced by an intense, ultrashort laser pulse have been investigated numerically and experimentally. The classical dynamics simulations show that on increasing the cluster size a plasma with residual electron energy above 1 keV can be created due to collisional heating, which is considerably higher than the value obtained with a conventional low-density gas target. Experimentally, nitrogen gas jets created by two types of nozzles were irradiated with a laser pulse of 55 fs, up to 1.2× 1017 / cm2. A seeded gas jet consisting of nitrogen and helium was also employed to promote the production of large clusters. The influences of the shape of nozzle, the seeded gas, and the gas jet stagnation pressure on the properties of plasmas were examined by spectroscopic observations. K -shell emissions showed that for the gas jet using the conical nozzle the electrons underwent intense collisional heating within the large clusters, resulting in the production of highly charged ions. In contrast, the emissions observed with the capillary nozzle exhibited the characteristics of a cold plasma without suffering substantial electron heating, indicating the absence of large clusters. That is, the differences between the two types of nozzles in the efficiency of electron heating and subsequent residual energies after the passage of the laser pulse, which are strongly dependent upon the cluster size, drastically changed the properties of the produced plasmas. The reason that for the capillary gas jet the plasma density deduced from the recombination spectra was significantly higher than the value obtained using the conical nozzle is also given by the difference in residual electron energy

A Comparison of PIM Estimates with Direct Stock Information for Dwellings

One of the major sources of uncertainty in capital stock estimates stems from the use of the perpetual inventory method (PIM) in all the cases where direct stock information is not available. In the Danish capital stock estimates, it has been possible to dispense with the PIM as far as buildings are concerned. Instead, an administrative register of buildings is used together with a property register and the business register to produce an exhaustive enumeration of practically all buildings in the economy broken down by industry and sector. For the most important type of buildings, namely dwellings, the paper compares direct stock estimates derived by multiplying physical quantities (square meters) by the replacement prices per square meter with those that would result from applying the PIM to historical investment series. Dwellings are by far the most important non-financial assets in most developed economies. Copyright 2003 by the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

An Algorithm for Balancing Commodity-flow Systems

In many cases there is a need to balance commodity-flow system data quickly and with limited resources. In order to compile new supply and use tables and investment matrices consistent with revised national accounts data, it can be necessary to apply some sort of automatic balancing technique. The paper proposes an algorithm that, contrary to RAS, can balance a commodity-flow system with unequal net row and column sums. The algorithm is applied to a recent revision of Danish capital stock estimates.Updating, System Of National Accounts, Biproportion, Balancing Algorithm, Data Reliability,