Topographic and morphometric study of the mental foramina of Abaza goats with its clinical implication for regional anaesthesia

Background: In this study, the topographic and morphometric structure of the mental foramen of both female and male Abaza goats, a domestic goat breed found in Turkey, was examined. Materials and methods: The mandibles and body weights of 30 adult Abaza goats, both female and male, were used. The goats were obtained during the sale of the Abaza goat herd sacrificial and forbearance. The mandibles were separated from the head and the skin, muscles and ligaments were cleaned and the mandibles were left to dry by standard technique. Various measurements were carried out on the mandible in accordance with relevant studies in the literature. Results and Conlusions: The mental foramina of the goats were round and oval and the mental foramina on one mandible were not necessarily of the same shape. In addition, the number of mental foramina, which differed between goats, was observed to be two in most goats. The distance between the mental foramen andthe ventral edge of the mandible was 0.88 ± 0.15 cm. The distance between the first premolar teeth and the mental foramen was found to be 1.59 ± 0.13 cm. The distance between the mental foramen and the lateral incisor was 1.85 ± 0.39 cm. The distance between the caudal edge of the ramus mandibulae and the mental foramen was calculated as 12.38 ± 1.52 cm

Macroanatomical and histological study of the structure of intercornual gland in Abaza (Capra Aegagrus) and Gurcu (Capra Falconeri) goats breeds

Background: The anatomical localisation of the odour glands, which increase activity during the reproduction period and help goat species to find each other, varies. Materials and methods: In our study, the anatomical and histological structures of the glands around the horn were examined in the Gurcu and Abaza goats, which are native breeds. In this study a total of 12 Abaza and Gurcu goat heads were used. Results: The area between the two horns and area at the back of the horns were shaved to remove all hair. The distance between the horns of both goat breeds was measured using an electronic calliper. The mean distance between the horns of the Abaza goats was determined as 36.80 ± 8.62 mm while this distance was 39.63 ± 4.10 mm for the Gurcu goats. Gland tissue that could not be seen anatomically under the skin was examined histologically. For the histological examination, skin samples were taken from the anterior, middle, right posterior and left posterior of the area between the two horns of both breeds. Crossman triple staining and haematoxylin and eosin staining were applied to the samples. Conclusions: Glandula intercornualis was found to be slightly caudal between the horns in both breeds and normal sebaceous glands were almost absent in the areas where these glands were found. Lobes and branched alveolar glands were located around the hair follicles

Venous drainage of the heart of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)

Background: This study was carried out to reveal the coronary venous system of the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) heart. The hearts used in the study were obtained from 6 Red foxes that were brought to the Kafkas University Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center after serious injuries due to firearms or traffic accidents and could not be saved despite all interventions. Materials and methods: Latex was injected from the cranial vena cava and caudal vena cava to expose the coronary vasculature. Hearts were photographed after dissection. Results: It was determined that venous drainage of the red fox heart was provided by the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, right cardiac veins, and the smallest cardiac veins. The strongest of these veins was determined to be the paraconal interventricular  vein with a diameter of 3.03 ± 0.44 mm. It was determined that the paraconal interventricular vein was accompanied by a strong vein with a diameter of 2.09 ± 0.43 mm in five of six fox hearts examined. It was observed that left atrial oblique vein participated in the formation of the coronary sinus in four hearts, and the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and the left marginal ventricular vein were seen to be drained into the coronary sinus in the other two hearts. It was determined that the paraconal interventricular vein and middle cardiac vein collected the venous blood of septum interventriculare via septal veins in all hearts. Conclusions: In this study, the smallest cardiac veins were clearly identified for the first time, and the myocardial bridge was revealed in a wild animal for the first time

A study on morphology and morphometric parameters on skull of the Bardhoka autochthonous sheep breed in Kosovo

In this study, we aim to investigate the skull of Bardhoka sheep, which is the native breed of Kosovo by utilising normal morphometric methods. Differences between male and female were also statistically analysed. Further, the parameters that can be used in gender discrimination were also analysed. The statistical analysis was based on a sample of 24 adult skulls of Bardhoka breed with 12 female and 12 male skulls. Altogether, 31 different measurements were taken morphologically and 7 different indices were applied. Except for the measurement's values of the orbit, measurement's values of length of the cheek tooth row and the measurement's values of height of the foramen magnum, all the measured values of males were higher than females. Nasal index, cranium index and skull index values were statistically significant between both genders. It is envisaged that the findings of this study will motivate and assist other comparative studies with other autochthonous sheep and goat breeds found in the Dukagjini region or in clinical veterinary practice and even in zooarchaeology