Typifications of five names in Agarista (Ericaceae, Vaccinioideae, Lyonieae).

Five names are typified here as a first step towards the floristic and taxonomic study of Ericaceae in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, and the taxonomic revision of Agarista. We reviewed protologues, type specimens (including digital images), and negative photos at F from lost specimens originally deposited at B. Lectotypes are designated for the names Andromeda chlorantha, A. serrulata, A. eucalyptoides, A. multiflora, and A. nummularia. These lectotypes are designated from duplicates conserved in the herbaria E, F, HAL, G, GH, L, M, NY, S, and W. Additionally, epitypes are also designated for Agarista chlorantha and Agarista nummularia at ESA and US, respectively

Serum Cytokine Responses over the Entire Clinical-Immunological Spectrum of Human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi

The clinical-immunological spectrum of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in Amazonian Brazil was recently reviewed based on clinical, DTH, and IFAT (IgG) evaluations that identified five profiles: three asymptomatic (asymptomatic infection, AI; subclinical resistant infection, SRI; and indeterminate initial infection, III) and two symptomatic (symptomatic infection, SI; American visceral leishmaniasis, AVL; and subclinical oligosymptomatic infection, SOI). TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 serum cytokines were analyzed using multiplexed Cytometric Bead Array in 161 samples from endemic areas in the Brazilian Amazon: SI [AVL] (21 cases), III (49), SRI (19), SOI (12), AI (36), and a control group [CG] (24). The highest IL-6 serum levels were observed in the SI profile (AVL); higher IL-10 serum levels were observed in SI than in SOI or CG and in AI and III than in SOI; higher TNF-α serum levels were seen in SI than in CG. Positive correlations were found between IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels in the SI and III profiles and between IL-6 and TNF-α and between IL-4 and TNF-α in the III profile. These results provide strong evidence for associating IL-6 and IL-10 with the immunopathogenesis of AVL and help clarify the role of these cytokines in the infection spectrum

Serum cytokine responses over the entire clinical-immunological spectrum of human leishmania (l.) infantum chagasi infection

The clinical-immunological spectrum of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in Amazonian Brazil was recently reviewed based on clinical, DTH, and IFAT (IgG) evaluations that identified five profiles: three asymptomatic (asymptomatic infection, AIsubclinical resistant infection, SRIand indeterminate initial infection, III) and two symptomatic (symptomatic infection, SIAmerican visceral leishmaniasis, AVLand subclinical oligosymptomatic infection, SOI). TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 serum cytokines were analyzed using multiplexed Cytometric Bead Array in 161 samples from endemic areas in the Brazilian Amazon: SI [AVL] (21 cases), III (49), SRI (19), SOI (12), AI (36), and a control group [CG] (24). The highest IL-6 serumlevels were observed in the SI profile (AVL)higher IL-10 serum levels were observed in SI than in SOI or CG and in AI and III than in SOIhigher TNF-alpha serum levels were seen in SI than in CG. Positive correlations were found between IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels in the SI and III profiles and between IL-6 and TNF-alpha and between IL-4 and TNF-alpha in the III profile. These results provide strong evidence for associating IL-6 and IL-10 with the immunopathogenesis of AVL and help clarify the role of these cytokines in the infection spectrum.Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude, Ministerio da Saude, Brazil)Nucleo de Medicina Tropical (Universidade Federal do Para, Brazil)Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM)-50 (Hospital de Clinicas (HC)-Faculdade de Medicina (FM)-Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil)Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2006/56319-1]Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, BrazilAlbert Einstein Israelite Hospital, São Paulo, SP, BrazilDivision of Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrazilPathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, BrazilTropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, BrazilDivision of Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 2006/56319-1Web of Scienc