492 research outputs found
24-Hour Glycemic Variations in Drug-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)-Based Study
OBJECTIVE: To investigate a 24-hour glycemic variation in drug-naïve, type 2 diabetic patients by using CGM. METHODS: A total of 30 inpatients with type 2 diabetes were included in the study to analyze the 24-hour CGM data. RESULTS: The patients' median age was 58 years old (interquartile range: 42-66 years), and their median HbA1c value was 7.6 (6.7-8.8)%. The median time to postprandial peak glucose levels(Peak Time) for each meal was 70-85 minutes, with the range of postprandial glucose increases(Increase Range) for each meal being 83-109 mg/dL. There was a significant positive correlation between the HbA1c values and Increases Range, Peak Time observed after breakfast and dinner, respectively. When the patients were stratified by a median HbA1c value of 7.6% into 2 groups, Increases Range and Peak Time, after breakfast, were shown to be significantly higher in the high-HbA1c group (H) than in the low-HbA1c (L) group. When the subjects were divided into four groups according to HbA1c levels:1 (<7.0%, n = 8), 2 (7.0-7.9%, n = 8), 3 (8.0-8.9%, n = 8), and 4 (≥9%, n = 6), the average glucose level, pre-meal glucose level and postprandial peak glucose level increased steadily from group 1 to 4 in a stepwise manner. CONCLUSIONS: In drug-naïve, Japanese type 2 diabetic patients, the Peak Time and the Increase Range were maximal after dinner. It was shown that the greater the HbA1c values, the longer Peak time and the higher Increase Range after breakfast and dinner. The average glucose level, pre meal glucose level and postprandial peak glucose level increased steadily as HbA1c level increased
Spectral structure of the Neumann--Poincar\'e operator on tori
We address the question whether there is a three-dimensional bounded domain
such that the Neumann--Poincar\'e operator defined on its boundary has
infinitely many negative eigenvalues. It is proved in this paper that tori have
such a property. It is done by decomposing the Neumann--Poincar\'e operator on
tori into infinitely many self-adjoint compact operators on a Hilbert space
defined on the circle using the toroidal coordinate system and the Fourier
basis, and then by proving that the numerical range of infinitely many
operators in the decomposition has both positive and negative values.Comment: 14 page
Chaperonin GroEL–GroES Functions as both Alternating and Non-Alternating Engines
A double ring-shaped GroEL consisting of 14 ATPase subunits assists protein folding, together with co-chaperonin GroES. The dynamic GroEL–GroES interaction is actively involved in the chaperonin reaction. Therefore, revealing this dynamic interaction is a key to understanding the operation principle of GroEL. Nevertheless, how this interaction proceeds in the reaction cycle has long been controversial. Here, we directly imaged GroEL–GroES interaction in the presence of disulfide-reduced α-lactalbumin as a substrate protein using high-speed atomic force microscopy. This real-time imaging revealed the occurrence of primary, symmetric GroEL:GroES2 and secondary, asymmetric GroEL:GroES1 complexes. Remarkably, the reaction was observed to often branch into main and side pathways. In the main pathway, alternate binding and release of GroES occurs at the two rings, indicating tight cooperation between the two rings. In the side pathway, however, this cooperation is disrupted, resulting in the interruption of alternating rhythm. From various properties observed for both pathways, we provide mechanistic insight into the alternate and non-alternate operations of the two-engine system. © 2016 Elsevier LtdEmbargo Period 12 month
Gamma-ray probe of cosmic-ray pressure in galaxy clusters and cosmological implications
Cosmic rays produced in cluster accretion and merger shocks provide pressure
to the intracluster medium (ICM) and affect the mass estimates of galaxy
clusters. Although direct evidence for cosmic-ray ions in the ICM is still
lacking, they produce gamma-ray emission through the decay of neutral pions
produced in their collisions with ICM nucleons. We investigate the capability
of the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) and imaging atmospheric
Cerenkov telescopes (IACTs) for constraining the cosmic-ray pressure
contribution to the ICM. We show that GLAST can be used to place stringent
upper limits, a few per cent for individual nearby rich clusters, on the ratio
of pressures of the cosmic rays and thermal gas. We further show that it is
possible to place tight (<~10%) constraints for distant (z <~ 0.25) clusters in
the case of hard spectrum, by stacking signals from samples of known clusters.
The GLAST limits could be made more precise with the constraint on the
cosmic-ray spectrum potentially provided by IACTs. Future gamma-ray
observations of clusters can constrain the evolution of cosmic-ray energy
density, which would have important implications for cosmological tests with
upcoming X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect cluster surveys.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures; extended discussions; accepted by MNRA
Fabrication of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions with CoCrPt perpendicularly magnetized electrodes
On Detection of Black Hole Quasi-Normal Ringdowns: Detection Efficiency and Waveform Parameter Determination in Matched Filtering
Gravitational radiation from a slightly distorted black hole with ringdown
waveform is well understood in general relativity. It provides a probe for
direct observation of black holes and determination of their physical
parameters, masses and angular momenta (Kerr parameters). For ringdown searches
using data of gravitational wave detectors, matched filtering technique is
useful. In this paper, we describe studies on problems in matched filtering
analysis in realistic gravitational wave searches using observational data.
Above all, we focus on template constructions, matches or signal-to-noise
ratios (SNRs), detection probabilities for Galactic events, and accuracies in
evaluation of waveform parameters or black hole hairs. We have performed
matched filtering analysis for artificial ringdown signals which are generated
with Monte-Carlo technique and injected into the TAMA300 observational data. It
is shown that with TAMA300 sensitivity, the detection probability for Galactic
ringdown events is about 50% for black holes of masses greater than with SNR . The accuracies in waveform parameter estimations
are found to be consistent with the template spacings, and resolutions for
black hole masses and the Kerr parameters are evaluated as a few % and , respectively. They can be improved up to and for events
of by using fine-meshed template bank in the hierarchical
search strategy.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure
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