Correlation of overall contest duration and contest escalation.

<p>Contest durations (natural log) and escalation are highly correlated (Spearman’s Rank Order correlation: <i>r</i> = 0.72, P = 0.00000285). Coloured symbols (blue, yellow, orange and red) relate to escalation levels (1, 2, 3 and 4 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059774#pone.0059774-Lim1" target="_blank">[27]</a>) from least (blue) to most (red) energy-demanding contests.</p

Winners’ and losers’ carapace band separations predicting overall contest duration and physical duration.

<p>Winners’ (W; top) carapace band separation predicted overall contest duration and escalation (but see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059774#pone.0059774.s009" target="_blank">table S3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059774#pone.0059774.s003" target="_blank">fig. S3</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059774#pone.0059774.s004" target="_blank">S4</a>). Losers’ (L; bottom) carapace band separation predicted physical contest duration, with smaller carapace band separation significantly related to higher individual persistence (but see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059774#pone.0059774.s010" target="_blank">Table S4</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059774#pone.0059774.s005" target="_blank">fig. S5</a>). Shaded arrows indicate direction of variation in band separation (narrower or broader). Complete lines: best fit lines; dashed lines: 95% confidence intervals. Inserts are illustrations of <i>Cosmophasis umbratica</i> reflectance spectra with variations in carapace band separation between more persistent (narrower band separation; left) and less persistent (less narrow band separation; right) individuals. <i>R</i>: reflectance (%); <i>λ</i>: wavelength (nm).</p

Asymmetries (W−L) in carapace (Δ; top) and abdomen (○: bottom) total brightness predicting overall contest duration and escalation.

<p>Negative slopes indicated that non-physical bouts (i.e., blue and yellow symbols) are dictated by high, positive asymmetry in body total brightness (i.e., winners exhibit brighter carapace than losers, W>L). Contests escalated as positive asymmetry decreases and approaches zero (i.e., vertical dashed lines). Negative effect of rival asymmetry in carapace total brightness on overall contest duration and escalation (top) is further explained by negative and positive effects of winners’ and losers’ carapace total brightness, respectively (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059774#pone.0059774.s009" target="_blank">table S3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059774#pone.0059774.s002" target="_blank">fig. S2</a>). Shaded arrows indicate direction of variation in total brightness (less bright or brighter). Complete lines: best fit lines; dashed lines: 95% confidence intervals.</p

Differences in carapace band separations of contest initiators and non-initiators.

<p>Initiating males exhibited narrower band separations as compared to non-initiative males. Inserts are illustrations of <i>Cosmophasis umbratica</i> reflectance spectra with variations in carapace band separation between initiators (top) and non-initiators (bottom). Central bar: mean; hinges: 25 and 75%; whiskers: 5 and 95%; circles: outside values. <i>R</i>: reflectance (%); <i>λ</i>: wavelength (nm).</p

BEHECO-2016-0233_Data

The data collected in the laboratory to test the relationship between a predator's aggressiveness level and prey-choice decision-making. The data format is for R. The R code is provided in the supplementary material

Phylogeny Predicts Future Habitat Shifts Due to Climate Change

<div><p>Background</p><p>Taxa may respond differently to climatic changes, depending on phylogenetic or ecological effects, but studies that discern among these alternatives are scarce. Here, we use two species pairs from globally distributed spider clades, each pair representing two lifestyles (generalist, specialist) to test the relative importance of phylogeny versus ecology in predicted responses to climate change.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>We used a recent phylogenetic hypothesis for nephilid spiders to select four species from two genera (<i>Nephilingis</i> and <i>Nephilengys</i>) that match the above criteria, are fully allopatric but combined occupy all subtropical-tropical regions. Based on their records, we modeled each species niche spaces and predicted their ecological shifts 20, 40, 60, and 80 years into the future using customized GIS tools and projected climatic changes.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Phylogeny better predicts the species current ecological preferences than do lifestyles. By 2080 all species face dramatic reductions in suitable habitat (54.8–77.1%) and adapt by moving towards higher altitudes and latitudes, although at different tempos. Phylogeny and life style explain simulated habitat shifts in altitude, but phylogeny is the sole best predictor of latitudinal shifts. Models incorporating phylogenetic relatedness are an important additional tool to predict accurately biotic responses to global change.</p></div

Two nephilid species pairs, their phylogeny, and basic ecology.

<p>One species from each clade is synanthropic and the other one a habitat specialist. This sample tests the relative importance of phylogeny versus life history on species responses to climatic changes. The phylogenetic hypothesis builds on a nephilid species level study that used 4kB of nucleotide data in addition to morphology, and an array of analytical approaches and sensitivity analyses <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0098907#pone.0098907-Kuntner1" target="_blank">[28]</a>.</p

Changes for all species in altitude and latitude (above), and temperature and precipitation (below).

<p>Species maintain their characteristic climatic conditions by shifting towards higher altitudes and latitudes. Geographical and ecological averages for the modeled suitable habitats combined all categories (low, medium and high suitability). NI = <i>Nephilingis</i>, NG = <i>Nephilengys</i>, PMA = mean annual precipitation, TMA =  mean annual temperature.</p

Results from a generalized linear model (GLM) testing the effects of two explorative factors (phylogeny and lifestyle) on how spiders respond to climate conditions (based on the IPCC scenario A1B for temperature and precipitation) by shifting latitude or altitude.

<p>The model that included two factors and 2-way interaction was fitted using multinominal distribution with cumulative logit link error.</p><p>GLM test for latitude shift: Goodness of fit: AIC = 116.261; Omnibus test: <i>χ</i>² = 328.2, <i>df</i> = 3, <i>p</i><0.0001; GLM test for altitude shift: Goodness of fit: AIC = 107.247; Omnibus test: <i>χ</i>² = 48.242, <i>df</i> = 3, <i>p</i><0.0001.</p

Predicted percentages of future habitat change per species relative to the year 2000.

<p>Predicted percentages of future habitat change per species relative to the year 2000.</p