PETREL for Astrophysics and Carbon Business

A multi-purpose 50kg class microsatellite hosting astrophysical mission and earth remote sensing, PETREL , will be launched in 2023. In the night side, PETREL observe the ultra-violet sky with a wide-field telescope covering 50 deg^2 for surveying transient objects related to supernovae, tidal disruption events, and gravitational wave events. Our UV telescope can detect the early phase UV emission from a neutron star merger occurred within 150 Mpc. In addition to the satellite observation, PETREL sends a detection alert including the coordinate and brightness of the UV transient to the ground via the real time communication network within several minutes after detection to conduct follow-up observations with the collaborating ground based observatories over the world. In the day side, PETREL observes the surface of the earth by using the tunable multi-spectral cameras and a ultra-compact hyperspectral camera. Our potential targets are the tropical forests (Green Carbon) and coastal zones (Blue Carbon) in the tropical areas to evaluating the global biological carbon strages. For this purpose PETREL will conduct multiple scale mapping collaborating with drones and small aircraft not only satellite. The obtained data will be used for academical research and for business applications. The technical difficulty of this satellite is that carries out multi-purpose with different requirements, such as astronomical observations which requires a quite high attitude stability and the earth observations requiring a high pointing accuracy, with limited resources. If it is possible, a novel small satellite system or a business style can be realized that can share the payload with academia and industry. PETREL has been adopted as Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Program No.3 led by JAXA, and development is underway with the aim of launching in FY2023

Basophil Characteristics as a Marker of the Pathogenesis of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in Relation to the Coagulation and Complement Systems

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common skin disorder characterized by daily or almost daily recurring skin edema and flare with itch and pruritus anywhere on the body for more than 6 weeks. Although basophil- and mast cell-released inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, play important roles in the pathogenesis of CSU, the detailed underlying mechanism is not clear. Since several auto-antibodies, IgGs which recognize IgE or the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) and IgEs against other self-antigens, are detected in CSU patients, they are considered to activate both mast cells in the skin and basophils circulating in the blood. In addition, we and other groups demonstrated that the coagulation and complement system also contribute to the development of urticaria. Here, we summarized the behaviors, markers and targets of basophils in relation to the coagulation–complement system, and for the treatment of CSU

Double Alkylene-Strapped Diphenylanthracene as a Photostable and Intense Solid-State Blue-Emitting Material

We report the synthesis and photochemical and photophysical properties of double alkylene-strapped 9,10-diphenylanthracene derivatives <b>3a</b>–<b>c</b> (<b>a</b>: C6 strap, <b>b</b>: C7 strap, <b>c</b>: C8 strap) in which the reactive central aromatic ring of the anthracene moiety is protected by the double alkylene straps. Thus, <b>3a</b>–<b>c</b> were much more resistant to photochemical reactions than the parent 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA). Furthermore, <b>3b</b> in C₆H₁₂ as well as in a cast film and the powder state showed the highest fluorescence quantum yields among <b>3a</b>, <b>3b</b>, quadruple triethylsilyl-protected DPA <b>4</b>, and DPA, wherein the C7 strap in <b>3b</b> effectively serves to block fluorescence self-quenching

Double Alkylene-Strapped Diphenylanthracene as a Photostable and Intense Solid-State Blue-Emitting Material

We report the synthesis and photochemical and photophysical properties of double alkylene-strapped 9,10-diphenylanthracene derivatives <b>3a</b>–<b>c</b> (<b>a</b>: C6 strap, <b>b</b>: C7 strap, <b>c</b>: C8 strap) in which the reactive central aromatic ring of the anthracene moiety is protected by the double alkylene straps. Thus, <b>3a</b>–<b>c</b> were much more resistant to photochemical reactions than the parent 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA). Furthermore, <b>3b</b> in C₆H₁₂ as well as in a cast film and the powder state showed the highest fluorescence quantum yields among <b>3a</b>, <b>3b</b>, quadruple triethylsilyl-protected DPA <b>4</b>, and DPA, wherein the C7 strap in <b>3b</b> effectively serves to block fluorescence self-quenching

Image_3_Basophils activation of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria in response to C5a despite failure to respond to IgE-mediated stimuli.tif

Urticaria is characterized by the occurrence of wheals and flares in response to vasoactive mediators, such as histamine. Various studies have suggested the involvement of basophils in the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). However, histamine release from peripheral basophils in response to stimuli acting on the high affinity IgE receptor (FcϵRI) is impaired in many patients with CSU (non/low responders). We previously demonstrated that tissue factor (TF)s expressed on vascular endothelial cells in response to a combination of various stimuli, such as that of histamine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway and produces anaphylatoxin, complement 5a (C5a), which then activates basophils and mast cells via the C5a receptor (C5aR). We have revealed that histamine release was induced in response to C5a and formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLP), regardless of the response to anti-IgE antibody, the reduced numbers of basophils and severity of urticaria. Moreover, we found that spontaneous release of histamine ex vivo from basophils of patients with CSU is higher than that from healthy individuals. These results suggest that basophils and the complement system, which could be activated by coagulation factors, may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of CSU, especially in cases refractory to treatment involving the IgE/FcϵRI pathway.</p