Formulation and solid state characterization of carboxylic acid-based co-crystals of tinidazole: An approach to enhance solubility.

BACKGROUND: Tinidazole (TNZ) is an anti-parasite drug used in the treatment of a variety of amebic and parasitic infections. It has low solubility in aqueous media and is categorized under Class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to study the potential for enhancing the solubility of TNZ using carboxylic acid co-crystals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The solubility of TNZ was determined individually using 6 carboxylic acids for forming co-crystals at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. Three carboxylic acids - namely tartaric acid (TA), oxalic acid (OA) and glutaric acid (GA) - resulted in the formation of co-crystals with enhanced solubility. An equilibrium solubility study of TNZ co-crystals at 1:1.5 and 1:2 stoichiometric ratios was also carried out. The co-crystals which developed were evaluated using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to study the drug-co-crystal former interactions. RESULTS: The solubility of TNZ in distilled water was found to be 0.014 mg/mL. The highest enhancement ratio was obtained with TNZ and TA at a ratio of 1:1. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms suggested that the drug and carboxylic acids had undergone interactions such as hydrogen bonding. The XRD and DSC results confirmed the formation of co-crystals. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the results of enhanced solubility of TNZ using co-crystals is a clear indication of the potential for co-crystals to be used in the future for other poorly water-soluble drugs, considering that co-crystals are a safe and cost-effective approach

Recyclable Nanocrystalline Copper Based on MoO3/SiO2 as an Efficient Catalyst for Acylation of Amines

Various loadings of copper supported on MoO3/SiO2 (CMS) were prepared by sol-gel method and used for the synthesis of substituted benzimidazole. Further it was characterized by using X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and acidity measurement by potentiometric method. XRD results indicated that Cu is present on the support primarily as CuO. The SEM and TEM results showed dispersion of cubic CuO nanoparticles on the surface. These mixed oxides were studied for the acylation of o-phenylene diamine with acetic acid in liquid phase. 10 wt. % CMS gave best results at 110 ºC with 94.81 % conversion of o-phenylene diamine and 100 % selectivity of substituted benzimidazole. Different parameters were studied for optimization of acylation, such as: temperature, acylating agents, solvents, amount of catalyst, and different catalysts. The CMS catalyst could also be recovered and reused at three times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. Copyright © 2018 BCREC Group. All rights reserve

Design of epi-cyclic internal gear pump for maximum discharge

In many industrial applications it is required to drive the actuator s, hydraulic cylinder or hydraulic motors at variable speed this is only possible by variable discharge from a variable displacement pump (which has high cost approx Rs. 90000/-) so it is not feasible to use it. One me thod employed is to use a pump of higher discharge capacity, but higher capacity means higher cost and highe r power consumption hence there is need of special pump system at low cost so that the requirement of va riable discharge is met easily without much cost and set up. This paper deals with the design of such pump systems and its calcul ations

Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF : A Review

Composite materials (also called composition materials or shortened to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons: common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades, the use of natural fibers as reinforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost, low density, hardness, higher fatigue endurance, good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness

EFFECT OF FIBER LENGTH ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL: A COMPOSITE

Composites are becoming an essential part of today’s materials because they offer advantages such as low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue strength, faster assembly etc. Composites are used as materials ranging from making, aircraft structures to golf clubs, electronic packaging to medical equipments. Composites are generating curiosity and interest in students all over the world, use of natural fibers as reinforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Among several natural fibers, Pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) is one that has good potential as reinforcement in polymer composite