17 research outputs found
Identification of Metalloporphyrins with High Sensitivity Using Graphene-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering
Graphene-enhanced
resonance Raman scattering (GERRS) was performed for the detection
of three different metallo-octaethylporphyrins (M-OEPs; M = 2H, FeCl,
and Pt) homogeneously thermal vapor deposited on a graphene surface.
GERRS of M-OEPs were measured using three different excitation wavelengths,
λ<sub>ex</sub> = 405, 532, and 633 nm, and characterized detail
vibrational bands for the identification of M-OEPs. The GERRS spectra
of Pt-OEP at λ<sub>ex</sub> = 532 nm showed ∼29 and ∼162
times signal enhancement ratio on graphene and on graphene with Ag
nanoclusters, respectively, compared to the spectra from bare SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate. This enhancement ratio, however, was varied with
M-OEPs and excitation wavelengths. The characteristic peaks and band
shapes of GERRS for each M-OEP were measured with high sensitivity
(100 pmol of thermal vapor deposited Pt-OEP), and these facilitate
the selectively recognition of molecules. Also, the peaks shift and
broadening provide the evidence of the interaction between graphene
and M-OEPs through the charge transfer and π-orbital interaction.
The increase of graphene layer induced the decrease of signal intensity
and GERRS effect was almost not observed on the thick graphite flakes.
Further experiments with various substrates demonstrated that the
interaction of single layer of graphene with molecule is the origin
of the Raman signal enhancement of M-OEPs. In this experiment, we
proved the graphene is a good alternative substrate of Raman spectroscopy
for the selective detection of various metalloporphyrins with high
sensitivity
PSA Detection with Femtomolar Sensitivity and a Broad Dynamic Range Using SERS Nanoprobes and an Area-Scanning Method
Recently,
surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based immunoassays
(SIA) have drawn much attention as diagnostic tools with large multiplex
capacity and high sensitivity. However, several challengesî—¸such
as a low reproducibility, a time-consuming read-out process, and limited
dynamic rangeî—¸remain. In this study, we report a reliable and
sensitive SIA platform for prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection.
Reliability and sensitivity were achieved by two approaches: (1) well-established
SERS probes, so-called SERS dots that have high sensitivity (single
particle detection) and little particle-to-particle variation in SERS
intensity; and (2) a whole area-scanning readout method for rapid
and reliable chip analysis rather than point scanning. As a feasibility
test, PSA could be detected with high sensitivity (ca. 0.11 pg/mL,
3.4 fM LOD), with a wide dynamic range (0.001–1000 ng/mL).
Thus, the developed platform will facilitate development of reliable
immunoassays with high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range
Ag Shell–Au Satellite Hetero-Nanostructure for Ultra-Sensitive, Reproducible, and Homogeneous NIR SERS Activity
It is critical to create isotropic
hot spots in developing a reproducible, homogeneous, and ultrasensitive
SERS probe. Here, an Ag shell–Au satellite (Ag–Au SS)
nanostructure composed of an Ag shell and surrounding Au nanoparticles
was developed as a near-IR active SERS probe. The heterometallic shell-satellite
structure based SERS probe produced intense and uniform SERS signals
(SERS enhancement factor ∼1.4 × 10<sup>6</sup> with 11%
relative standard deviation) with high detectability (100% under current
measurement condition) by 785 nm photoexcitation. This signal enhancement
was independent of the laser polarizations, which reflects the isotropic
feature of the SERS activity of Ag–Au SS from the three-dimensional
(3D) distribution of SERS hot spots between the shell and the surrounding
satellite particles. The Ag–Au SS nanostructure shows a great
potential as a reproducible and quantifiable NIR SERS probe for in
vivo targets
Subnanomolar Sensitivity of Filter Paper-Based SERS Sensor for Pesticide Detection by Hydrophobicity Change of Paper Surface
As a cost-effective
approach for detecting trace amounts of pesticides,
filter paper-based SERS sensors have been the subject of intensive
research. One of the hurdles to overcome is the difficulty of retaining
nanoparticles on the surface of the paper because of the hydrophilic
nature of the cellulose fibers in paper. This reduces the sensitivity
and reproducibility of paper-based SERS sensors due to the low density
of nanoparticles and short retention time of analytes on the paper
surface. In this study, filter paper was treated with alkyl ketene
dimer (AKD) to modify its property from hydrophilic to hydrophobic.
AKD treatment increased the contact angle of the aqueous silver nanoparticle
(AgNP) dispersion, which consequently increased the density of AgNPs.
The retention time of the analyte was also increased by preventing
its rapid absorption into the filter paper. The SERS signal was strongly
enhanced by the increased number of SERS hot spots owing to the increased
density of AgNPs on a small contact area of the filter surface. The
reproducibility and sensitivity of the SERS signal were optimized
by controlling the distribution of AgNPs on the surface of the filter
paper by adjusting the concentration of the AgNP solution. Using this
SERS sensor with a hydrophobicity-modified filter paper, the spot-to-spot
variation of the SERS intensity of 25 spots of 4-aminothiophenol was
6.19%, and the limits of detection of thiram and ferbam as test pesticides
were measured to be 0.46 nM and 0.49 nM, respectively. These proof-of-concept
results indicate that this paper-based SERS sensor can serve for highly
sensitive pesticide detection with low cost and easy fabrication
Screening of Pro–Asp Sequences Exposed on Bacteriophage M13 as an Ideal Anchor for Gold Nanocubes
Bacteriophages are thought to be
ideal vehicles for linking antibodies to nanoparticles. Here, we define
the sequence of peptides exposed as a fusion protein on M13 bacteriophages
to yield optimal binding of gold nanocubes and efficient bacteriophage
amplification. We generated five helper bacteriophage libraries using
AEÂ(X)<sub>2</sub>DP, AEÂ(X)<sub>3</sub>DP, AEÂ(X)<sub>4</sub>DP, AEÂ(X)<sub>5</sub>DP, and AEÂ(X)<sub>6</sub>DP as the exposed portion of pVIII,
in which X was a randomized amino acid residue encoded by the nucleotide
sequence NNK. Efficient phage amplification was achievable only in
the AEÂ(X)<sub>2</sub>DP, AEÂ(X)<sub>3</sub>DP, and AEÂ(X)<sub>4</sub>DP libraries. Through biopanning with gold nanocubes, we enriched
the phage clones and selected the clone with the highest fold change
after enrichment. This clone displayed Pro–Asp on the surface
of the bacteriophage and had amplification yields similar to those
of the wild-type helper bacteriophage (VCSM13). The clone displayed
even binding of gold nanocubes along its length and minimal aggregation
after binding. We conclude that, for efficient amplification, the
exposed pVIII amino acid length should be limited to six residues
and Ala–Glu–Pro–Asp–Asp–Pro (AEPDDP)
is the ideal fusion protein sequence for guaranteeing the optimal
formation of a complex with gold nanocubes
Gold Nanoparticle/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Sheets Attached on Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Effective Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Cell-mediated
nanoparticle delivery has been proposed for an effective
cancer therapy. However, there are limitations in loading nanoparticles
within cells as the internalized nanoparticles cause cytotoxicity
and leak out of the cells via exocytosis. Here, we introduce hybrid
sheets composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and graphene oxide (GO),
which stably adhere to the cell surface and exhibit a remarkable photothermal
effect. To form AuNP/GO sheets in which GO is sandwiched between two
AuNP monolayers, AuNPs are coated with α-synuclein protein and
subsequently adsorbed onto GO sheets. Attaching AuNP/GO sheets to
the tumor-tropic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) surface enhances the
loading efficiency of AuNPs in MSCs by avoiding the cytotoxicity and
exocytosis issues. Furthermore, the tight packing of AuNPs on microscaled
GO sheets enhances the photothermal effect via strong plasmon coupling
between AuNPs. The injection of AuNP/GO sheet-attached MSCs into tumor-bearing
mice significantly improves the photothermal therapeutic efficacy
by delivering larger amounts of AuNPs to the tumor and generating
higher heat at the tumor region compared to injection of AuNP-internalized
MSCs. The system of attaching AuNP/GO hybrid sheets to the tumor-tropic
cell surface may be an effective platform for cancer therapy
Single-Step and Rapid Growth of Silver Nanoshells as SERS-Active Nanostructures for Label-Free Detection of Pesticides
We explored a single-step approach
for the rapid growth of Ag nanoshells (Ag NSs) under mild conditions.
Without predeposition of seed metals, a uniform and complete layer
of Ag shells was rapidly formed on silica core particles within 2
min at 25 °C via single electron transfer from octylamine to
Ag<sup>+</sup> ions. The size and thickness of the Ag NSs were effectively
tuned by adjusting the concentration of silica nanoparticles (silica
NPs) with optimal concentrations of AgNO<sub>3</sub> and octylamine.
This unusually rapid growth of Ag NSs was attributed to a significant
increase in the reduction potential of the Ag<sup>+</sup> ions in
ethylene glycol (EG) through the formation of an Ag/EG complex, which
in turn led to their facile reduction by octylamine, even at room
temperature. A substantial enhancement in the surface-enhanced Raman
scattering (SERS) of the prepared Ag NSs was demonstrated. The Ag
NSs were also utilized as SERS-active nanostructures for label-free
detection of the pesticide thiram. The Ag NS-based SERS approach successfully
detected thiram on apple peel down to the level of 38 ng/cm<sup>2</sup> in a label-free manner, which is very promising with respect to
its potential use for the on-site detection of residual pesticides
Physicochemical Determinants of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Cellular Toxicity: Influence of a Synthetic Method and Post-treatment
Since
the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), scientists have
performed extensive studies on nanotubes in the fields of materials
science, physics, and electronic engineering. Because multiwalled
CNTs (MWCNTs) are not homogeneous materials, and because it is not
feasible to test every newly synthesized MWCNT, this study was aimed
at investigating the physicochemical properties that primarily determine
the cellular toxicity of MWCNTs. This study analyzed the relationship
between cell viability and physicochemical characteristics following
exposure to eight different MWCNTs. We generated eight different MWCNTs
using various synthetic methods and post-treatments. From this analysis,
we sought to identify the major physicochemical determinants that
could predict the cellular toxicity of MWCNTs, regardless of the synthetic
method and post-treatment conditions. Creation of binding sites on
the tube walls by breaking C–C bonds played a pivotal role
in increasing toxicity and was most clearly demonstrated by a Raman
G peak shift and the <i>I</i><sub>D</sub>/<i>I</i><sub>G</sub> ratio. In addition, several factors were found to be
strongly related to cellular toxicity: surface charge in the case
of MWCNTs created by the chemical vapor deposition method and surface
area and EPR intensity in the case of MWCNTs created by the arc discharge
based method. The methods developed in this study could be applied
to the prediction of the toxicity of newly synthesized MWCNTs
Concave Rhombic Dodecahedral Au Nanocatalyst with Multiple High-Index Facets for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction
A concave rhombic dodecahedron (RD) gold nanoparticle was synthesized by adding 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) during growth from seeds. This shape is enclosed by stabilized facets of various high-indexes, such as (331), (221), and (553). Because it is driven thermodynamically and stabilized by 4-ATP ligands, the concave RD maintains its structure over a few months, even after rigorous electrochemical reactions. We discussed the mechanism of the shape evolution controlled by 4-ATP and found that both the binding energy of Au–S and the aromatic geometry of 4-ATP are major determinants of Au atom deposition during growth. As a possible application, we demonstrated that the concave RD exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance for the selective conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO in aqueous solution
Polymer-Mediated Formation and Assembly of Silver Nanoparticles on Silica Nanospheres for Sensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection
To impart a desired optical property
to metal nanoparticles (NPs) suitable for surface-enhanced Raman scattering
(SERS) applications, it is crucial to assemble them in two or three
dimensions in addition to controlling their size and shape. Herein,
we report a new strategy for the synthesis and direct assembly of
Ag NPs on silica nanospheres (AgNPs-SiNS) in the presence of polyÂ(ethylene
glycol) (PEG) derivatives such as PEG-OH, bisÂ(amino)-PEGs (DA-PEGs),
and <i>O</i>,<i>O</i>′-bisÂ(2-aminopropyl)ÂPEG
(DAP-PEG). They exhibited different effects on the formation of Ag
NPs with variable sizes (10–40 nm) and density on the silica
surface. As the molecular weight (MW) of DA-PEGs increased, the number
of Ag NPs on the silica surface increased. In addition, DAP-PEG (MW
of 2000), which has a 2-aminopropyl moiety at both ends, promoted
the most effective formation and assembly of uniform-sized Ag NPs
on a silica surface, as compared to the other PEG derivatives with
the same molecular weight. Finally, we demonstrated that AgNPs-SiNS
bearing 4-fluorobenzenethiol on its surface induced the strong SERS
signal at the single-particle level, indicating that each hybrid particle
has internal hot spots. This shows the potential of AgNPs-SiNS for
SERS-based sensitive detection of target molecules