Adenovirus infection in savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Issa Valley, Tanzania

Adenoviruses are a widespread cause of diverse human infections with recently confirmed zoonotic roots in African great apes. We focused on savanna-dwelling chimpanzees in the Issa Valley (Tanzania), which differ from those from forested sites in many aspects of behavior and ecology. DNA polymerase gene targeting PCR detected AdV in 36,7% (69/188) of fecal samples. We detected five groups of strains within the HAdV-E and two distinct groups within the HAdV-C species based on partial hexon sequence. All detected AdVs from the Issa Valley are related to those from nearby Mahale and Gombe National Parks suggesting chimpanzee movements and pathogen transmission

PARV4 found in wild chimpanzee faeces - alternate route of transmission?

Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4, family Parvoviridae, genus Tetraparvovirus) displays puzzling features, such as uncertain clinical importance/significance, unclear routes of transmission and discontinuous geographical distribution. The origin, or the general reservoir, of human PARV4 infection is unknown. We aimed to detect and characterize PARV4 virus in faecal samples collected from two wild chimpanzee populations and 19 species of captive nonhuman primates. We aimed to investigate these species as a potential reservoir and alternate route of transmission on the African continent. From almost 500 samples screened, a single wild Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii sample tested positive. Full genome analysis, as well as single ORF phylogenies, confirmed species-specific PARV4 infection

Varietal and year variation of rutin content in common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Five varieties of common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) were tested in field experiments for three years. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the variety and environmental conditions on rutin distribution in the plant. The rutin content was determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in stems, leaves and flowers at flowering stage and in achenes at maturity. The selected varieties differed statistical significantly in the rutin content in leaves, stems and achenes. Krupinka was the variety with the highest rutin content in the aboveground part of a plant. The tetraploid variety did not contained higher rutin level than diploid varieties. Krupinka had the highest rutin content in leaves contrary to the other varieties, which had the highest rutin content in flowers. Weather conditions influenced the rutin content in flowers, stems and achenes. The plant part with the highest rutin content can be different in diverse years

Influence of sowing date and stand density on rutin level in buckwheat

The use of buckwheat as a source of rutin for medicine or food supplement requires a high content of this component in pimary row materials. The study was aimed at the investigation of the influence of stand density and sowing dates on the rutin content in the aboveground parts at the stage of flowering and achenes of two buckwheat species (Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum). The rutin content in the aboveground parts of buckwheat was significantly higher in plants sown in mid-May. The sowing date did not influence the rutin content in the achenes. The whole buckwheat plant contained the highest content of rutin in 25 cm rows with a sowing ratio of 200 achenes per square metre. However, the final rutin amount obtained from a buckwheat stand depended on the production of biomass. Common buckwheat provided a higher rutin yield because it produced a higher amount of biomass of inflorescences, the part rich in this flavonoid. Therefore 12.5 cm rows with 400 seeds per square metre are suitable for rutin production because of the higher number of plants. We can recommend tartary buckwheat for achene production as a source of rutin for human nutrition or food supplement because it provides twenty-fivefold more rutin than common buckwheat

The stability of rutin and chlorogenic acid during the processing of black elder (Sambucus nigra) inflorescence

Black elder inflorescence has been traditionally used in Central Europe both in folk and official medicine. This plant material is a rich source of two biologically active components, rutin and chlorogenic acid. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on the changes of their content during processing.The stability of rutin and chlorogenic acid during drying and the long-term storage of black elder inflorescence were analysed in this study. The rutin content was determined by capillary electrophoresis using solid-phase extraction. HPLC was used for the determination of chlorogenic acid. The dependence of rutin and chlorogenic acid content on the temperature of drying and storage duration were monitored and statistically evaluated by a two-way ANOVA test. The contents of rutin and chlorogenic acid revealed no statistically significant changes when dried at temperatures of 22 °C and 30 °C. The significant decrease in contents of both studied compounds was found at a drying temperature of 50 °C. The decrease in content of rutin was about 20%, in chlorogenic acid about 12%.The content of both studied compounds also decreased after long-term storage (at a temperature of 22 °C for one year). The decrease in content of rutin was greater than that of chlorogenic acid