12 research outputs found

    Integration of the oral bioaccessibility of trace elements in the human exposure and risk assessment of contaminated soils

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    International audienceBioaccessibility and bioavailability are often mentioned as parameters that might greatly improve the accuracy of human health risk assessment of contaminated sites. The objective of this paper is to give some insights into the implemention of using the bioaccessibility concept, focusing on the French methodology. In this framework, the assessment of the exposure media and the more classical human health risk assessment method are the two methodologies defined by the regulatory guidelines. The advantages and limits of integrating the bioaccessibility concept are developed. Bottlenecks are also identified to promote the utilization of such parameters more extensively in the management of contaminated sites

    Biodisponibilité des polluants du sol : définition, caractérisation et utilisation potentielle dans la gestion des sites et sols pollués

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    National audienceL'effet toxique d'un polluant du sol vis-à-vis des organismes sera fonction de la concentration totale de ce polluant dans le sol et de sa biodisponibilité. Ce dernier paramÚtre définit la fraction d'un contaminant qui sera réellement absorbée par un organisme. De nombreux travaux issus de la littérature internationale insistent sur l'importance de considérer la biodisponibilité d'un polluant en vue d'en évaluer l'impact réel sur un organisme. L'essentiel de ces travaux portent sur les végétaux (on parle alors de phytodisponibilité) ou les microorganismes du sol. Ces derniÚres années, des recherches ont également été menées pour estimer la biodisponibilité des polluants pour l'Homme via l'ingestion de terre contaminée, une des voies d'exposition majeure pour l'évaluation du risque dans ce domaine. Toutefois, en France, l'application de ce concept est relativement limitée. Ceci conduit à une estimation conservatoire de l'exposition humaine aux contaminants pour la voie " ingestion de terre ". L'objectif de cette communication est de définir la notion de biodisponibilité orale d'un polluant pour l'Homme et de présenter les méthodes de mesure disponibles pour caractériser chacun de ces paramÚtres. Ensuite, les possibilités et les limites d'intégration de ces notions dans la gestion des sites et sols pollués sont abordées

    Exposition des enfants par ingestion de sol et de poussiÚres contaminés : quels choix pour les évaluations de risque ?

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    National audienceEn Evaluation Quantitative des Risques Sanitaires (EQRS), l'ingestion de sol est une voie d'exposition influente dans le calcul de la prĂ©diction des expositions des populations. Le potentiel d'exposition aux polluants du sol est plus grand pour les enfants que les adultes, en raison notamment de comportements trĂšs diffĂ©rents, lors d'activitĂ©s de jeu par exemple. Cette voie d'exposition est conditionnĂ©e par deux paramĂštres sensibles : la quantitĂ© de terre ingĂ©rĂ©e et la biodisponibilitĂ© pour l'homme du composĂ© chimique Ă  partir de la matrice sol. Ce dernier paramĂštre qui caractĂ©rise la fraction absorbĂ©e d'un polluant peut ĂȘtre approchĂ© par la bioaccessibilitĂ© (fraction dissoute du contaminant dans le tube digestif). Actuellement il est considĂ©rĂ© qu'un enfant ingĂšre entre 100 et 150 mg/j de terre et que la biodiponibilitĂ© d'un Ă©lĂ©ment dans cette terre est totale.L'analyse des connaissances scientifiques disponibles a eu pour objectifs d'ĂȘtre Ă  mĂȘme de justifier d'Ă©ventuelles propositions : fixer une valeur ou une distribution de quantitĂ© de sol et de poussiĂšres ingĂ©rĂ©e pour l'enfant (hors pica et gĂ©ophagie) ; examiner la façon dont les notions de biodisponibilitĂ©/bioaccessibilitĂ© des polluants dans le sol et les poussiĂšres ingĂ©rĂ©s pouvaient ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©es dans les pratiques d'Ă©valuation de risque

    Trace elements in two odontocete species (Kogia breviceps and Globicephala macrorhynchus) stranded in New Caledonia (South Pacific)

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    International audienceLiver, muscle and blubber tissues of two short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and two pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) stranded on the coast of New Caledonia have been analysed for 12 trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, organic and total Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn). Liver was shown to be the most important accumulating organ for Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Se, and Zn in both species, G. macrorhynchus having the highest Cd, Hg, Se and Zn levels. In this species, concentrations of total Hg are particularly elevated, reaching up to 1452 ÎŒg g−1 dry wt. Only a very low percentage of the total Hg was organic. In both species, the levels of Hg are directly related to Se in liver. Thus, a molar ratio of Hg:Se close to 1.0 was found for all specimens, except for the youngest K. breviceps. Our results suggest that G. macrorhynchus have a physiology promoting the accumulation of high levels of naturally occurring toxic elements. Furthermore, concentrations of Ni, Cr and Co are close to or below the detection limit in the liver and muscles of all specimens. This suggests that mining activity in New Caledonia, which typically elevates the levels of these contaminants in the marine environment, does not seem to be a significant source of contamination for these pelagic marine mammals

    BiodisponibilitĂ© et bioaccessibilitĂ© des mĂ©taux et metalloĂŻdes des sols polluĂ©s pour la voie orale chez l’homme

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    National audienceDans la gestion des sols contaminĂ©s, la notion de biodisponibilitĂ© des polluants des sols est frĂ©quemment Ă©voquĂ©e comme permettant d’optimiser l’évaluation du risque sanitaire. Toutefois, une certaine confusion existe entre les notions de biodisponibilitĂ© et bioaccessibilitĂ© des polluants dans les sols. Cela engendre des difficultĂ©s pour, d’une part, intĂ©grer au mieux ces notions dans la gestion des sites et, d’autre part, sĂ©lectionner un protocole de mesure. L’objectif de cette synthĂšse est tout d’abord de dĂ©finir les notions de biodisponibilitĂ© et bioaccessibilitĂ© pour l’homme des polluants des sols et d’établir les liens existant entre ces deux paramĂštres. Dans un second temps, diffĂ©rents protocoles permettant de caractĂ©riser ces deux paramĂštres sont dĂ©crits. Enfin, un retour d’expĂ©rience international faisant Ă©tat de l’utilisation de ces deux paramĂštres dans la gestion effective des sites polluĂ©s est exposĂ©

    Marine mammal strandings recorded in New Caledonia, South West Pacific Ocean, 1877 to 2022

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    International audienceContextStrandings are an important source of information for estimating marine mammal biodiversity, particularly in data-sparse ocean basins such as Oceania.AimsHere, we report on knowledge acquired from 218 stranding events recorded in the waters of New Caledonia (1877–2022).MethodsWe investigated spatio-temporal distribution, stable isotope signatures, trace element concentrations, biometry measurements, genetic diversity, and diet, for the four most commonly stranded taxa (dugongs, 35% of events; sperm whales, 19%; Delphinidae, 18%; pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, 14%).Key resultsBeginning in 1991, reports of stranding events increased (183 events, 322 individuals, 20 species from seven families: Dugongidae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae, Kogiidae, Ziphiidae, Balaenopteridae, Otariidae), with hotspots identified on the west coast (Bourail, Ouano, NoumĂ©a) and in Prony Bay. Causes of death were not determined in 84% of stranding events, but were identified in the majority of expert-led necropsies (24 of 29 individuals from 10 species). Yet, valuable information regarding the impact of anthropogenic activities was gathered for some species of concern, such as the endangered dugong (28% human-caused). Since 2016, training and outreach have been provided to rangers, veterinarians, and various public safety officers to support their engagement in the scientific monitoring of marine mammal strandings. A website (www.rescue.ird.nc) was developed to facilitate standardised data collection and storage, and to provide public access to stranding records.ConclusionAlthough the number of individuals reported here remains modest, this study provides new information on poorly documented species in New Caledonia.ImplicationsLong-term monitoring of strandings can help design effective conservation measures.ContexteLes Ă©chouages constituent une source d’informations importante pour estimer la biodiversitĂ© des mammifĂšres marins, en particulier dans les bassins ocĂ©aniques pour lesquels les donnĂ©es sont rares, comme l’OcĂ©anieObjectifNous prĂ©sentons ici les connaissances acquises Ă  partir de 218 Ă©chouages enregistrĂ©s dans les eaux de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie (1877–2022).MĂ©thodesNous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la distribution spatio-temporelle, les signatures isotopiques, les Ă©lĂ©ments traces, les mesures biomĂ©triques, la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et le rĂ©gime alimentaire des quatre taxons les plus frĂ©quemment Ă©chouĂ©s (dugongs, 35% des Ă©chouages; cachalots, 19%; Delphinidae, 18% ; cachalots pygmĂ©es et nains, 14%).Principaux rĂ©sultatsÀ partir de 1991, les signalements d’échouages ont augmentĂ© (183 Ă©vĂ©nements, 322 individus, 20 espĂšces de sept familles: Dugongidae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae, Kogiidae, Ziphiidae, Balaenopteridae, Otariidae), avec des points chauds identifiĂ©s sur la cĂŽte ouest de la Grande Terre (Bourail, Ouano, NoumĂ©a) et dans la Baie de Prony. Les causes de dĂ©cĂšs n’ont pas Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es pour 84% des Ă©chouages, mais elles ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es dans la majoritĂ© des autopsies rĂ©alisĂ©es par des vĂ©tĂ©rinaires (24 des 29 individus de 10 espĂšces). Des informations prĂ©cieuses concernant l’impact des activitĂ©s anthropiques ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies pour certaines espĂšces prĂ©occupantes, telles que le dugong, une espĂšce en voie de disparition (28% des Ă©chouages d’origine humaine). Depuis 2016, des formations et des activitĂ©s de sensibilisation ont Ă©tĂ© dispensĂ©es aux gardes nature, aux vĂ©tĂ©rinaires et Ă  divers agents publics pour soutenir leur engagement dans la surveillance scientifique des Ă©chouages de mammifĂšres marins. Un site Web (www.rescue.ird.nc) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour faciliter la collecte et le stockage de donnĂ©es standardisĂ©es et pour fournir un accĂšs public aux enregistrements d’échouages.ConclusionBien que le nombre d’individus signalĂ©s Ă©chouĂ©s ici reste modeste, cette Ă©tude apporte de nouvelles informations sur des espĂšces peu documentĂ©es en Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie.ImplicationsLa surveillance Ă  long terme des Ă©chouages peut aider Ă  concevoir des mesures de conservation efficaces

    Marine mammal strandings recorded in New Caledonia, South West Pacific Ocean, 1877 to 2022

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    Context Strandings are an important source of information for estimating marine mammal biodiversity, particularly in data-sparse ocean basins such as Oceania. Aims Here, we report on knowledge acquired from 218 stranding events recorded in the waters of New Caledonia (1877–2022). Methods We investigated spatio-temporal distribution, stable isotope signatures, trace element concentrations, biometry measurements, genetic diversity, and diet, for the four most commonly stranded taxa (dugongs, 35% of events; sperm whales, 19%; Delphinidae, 18%; pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, 14%). Key results Beginning in 1991, reports of stranding events increased (183 events, 322 individuals, 20 species from seven families: Dugongidae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae, Kogiidae, Ziphiidae, Balaenopteridae, Otariidae), with hotspots identified on the west coast (Bourail, Ouano, NoumĂ©a) and in Prony Bay. Causes of death were not determined in 84% of stranding events, but were identified in the majority of expert-led necropsies (24 of 29 individuals from 10 species). Yet, valuable information regarding the impact of anthropogenic activities was gathered for some species of concern, such as the endangered dugong (28% human-caused). Since 2016, training and outreach have been provided to rangers, veterinarians, and various public safety officers to support their engagement in the scientific monitoring of marine mammal strandings. A website (www.rescue.ird.nc) was developed to facilitate standardised data collection and storage, and to provide public access to stranding records. Conclusion Although the number of individuals reported here remains modest, this study provides new information on poorly documented species in New Caledonia. Implications Long-term monitoring of strandings can help design effective conservation measures.Contexte Les Ă©chouages constituent une source d’informations importante pour estimer la biodiversitĂ© des mammifĂšres marins, en particulier dans les bassins ocĂ©aniques pour lesquels les donnĂ©es sont rares, comme l’OcĂ©anie Objectif Nous prĂ©sentons ici les connaissances acquises Ă  partir de 218 Ă©chouages enregistrĂ©s dans les eaux de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie (1877–2022). MĂ©thodes Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© la distribution spatio-temporelle, les signatures isotopiques, les Ă©lĂ©ments traces, les mesures biomĂ©triques, la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et le rĂ©gime alimentaire des quatre taxons les plus frĂ©quemment Ă©chouĂ©s (dugongs, 35% des Ă©chouages; cachalots, 19%; Delphinidae, 18% ; cachalots pygmĂ©es et nains, 14%). Principaux rĂ©sultats À partir de 1991, les signalements d’échouages ont augmentĂ© (183 Ă©vĂ©nements, 322 individus, 20 espĂšces de sept familles: Dugongidae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae, Kogiidae, Ziphiidae, Balaenopteridae, Otariidae), avec des points chauds identifiĂ©s sur la cĂŽte ouest de la Grande Terre (Bourail, Ouano, NoumĂ©a) et dans la Baie de Prony. Les causes de dĂ©cĂšs n’ont pas Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es pour 84% des Ă©chouages, mais elles ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es dans la majoritĂ© des autopsies rĂ©alisĂ©es par des vĂ©tĂ©rinaires (24 des 29 individus de 10 espĂšces). Des informations prĂ©cieuses concernant l’impact des activitĂ©s anthropiques ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies pour certaines espĂšces prĂ©occupantes, telles que le dugong, une espĂšce en voie de disparition (28% des Ă©chouages d’origine humaine). Depuis 2016, des formations et des activitĂ©s de sensibilisation ont Ă©tĂ© dispensĂ©es aux gardes nature, aux vĂ©tĂ©rinaires et Ă  divers agents publics pour soutenir leur engagement dans la surveillance scientifique des Ă©chouages de mammifĂšres marins. Un site Web (www.rescue.ird.nc) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour faciliter la collecte et le stockage de donnĂ©es standardisĂ©es et pour fournir un accĂšs public aux enregistrements d’échouages. Conclusion Bien que le nombre d’individus signalĂ©s Ă©chouĂ©s ici reste modeste, cette Ă©tude apporte de nouvelles informations sur des espĂšces peu documentĂ©es en Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie. Implications La surveillance Ă  long terme des Ă©chouages peut aider Ă  concevoir des mesures de conservation efficaces

    Patient exposure dose in interventional cardiology per clinical and technical complexity levels. Part 1: results of the VERIDIC project

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    Patients can be exposed to high skin doses during complex interventional cardiology (IC) procedures.PurposeTo identify which clinical and technical parameters affect patient exposure and peak skin dose (PSD) and to establish dose reference levels (DRL) per clinical complexity level in IC procedures.Material and MethodsValidation and Estimation of Radiation skin Dose in Interventional Cardiology (VERIDIC) project analyzed prospectively collected patient data from eight European countries and 12 hospitals where percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), chronic total occlusion PCI (CTO), and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedures were performed. A total of 62 clinical complexity parameters and 31 technical parameters were collected, univariate regressions were performed to identify those parameters affecting patient exposure and define DRL accordingly.ResultsPatient exposure as well as clinical and technical parameters were collected for a total of 534 PCI, 219 CTO, and 209 TAVI. For PCI procedures, body mass index (BMI), number of stents ≄2, and total stent length >28?mm were the most prominent clinical parameters, which increased the PSD value. For CTO, these were total stent length >57?mm, BMI, and previous anterograde or retrograde technique that failed in the same session. For TAVI, these were male sex, BMI, and number of diseased vessels. DRL values for Kerma-area product (PKA), air kerma at patient entrance reference point (Ka,r), fluoroscopy time (FT), and PSD were stratified, respectively, for 14 clinical parameters in PCI, 10 in CTO, and four in TAVI.ConclusionPrior knowledge of the key factors influencing the PSD will help optimize patient radiation protection in IC

    Establishing a priori and a posteriori predictive models to assess patients' peak skin dose in interventional cardiology. Part 2: results of the VERIDIC project

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    Background: Optimizing patient exposure in interventional cardiology is key to avoid skin injuries. Purpose: To establish predictive models of peak skin dose (PSD) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO), and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedures. Material and methods: A total of 534 PCI, 219 CTO, and 209 TAVI were collected from 12 hospitals in eight European countries. Independent associations between PSD and clinical and technical dose determinants were examined for those procedures using multivariate statistical analysis. A priori and a posteriori predictive models were built using stepwise multiple linear regressions. A fourfold cross-validation was performed, and models' performance was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), coefficient of determination (RÂČ), and linear correlation coefficient (r). Results: Multivariate analysis proved technical parameters to overweight clinical complexity indices with PSD mainly affected by fluoroscopy time, tube voltage, tube current, distance to detector, and tube angulation for PCI. For CTO, these were body mass index, tube voltage, and fluoroscopy contribution. For TAVI, these parameters were sex, fluoroscopy time, tube voltage, and cine acquisitions. When benchmarking the predictive models, the correlation coefficients were r = 0.45 for the a priori model and r = 0.89 for the a posteriori model for PCI. These were 0.44 and 0.67, respectively, for the CTO a priori and a posteriori models, and 0.58 and 0.74, respectively, for the TAVI a priori and a posteriori models. Conclusion: A priori predictive models can help operators estimate the PSD before performing the intervention while a posteriori models are more accurate estimates and can be useful in the absence of skin dose mapping solutions
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