6 research outputs found
WRAP CONTRACTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE CONTRACT LAW
The basis of the digital economy is electronic commerce (e-commerce), based on contracting which increasingly relies on the use of a digital technology. A contract represents the basis of legal obligation, as well as the foundation of the validity and legitimacy of legal rules, dating back to the theory of the social contract. The functioning of the digital society and digital economy has introduced the process of digitization into the scope of the Contract Law and contracting practice. On the example of wrap contracts, as a kind of online contracts by access (adhesion contracts), the author shows how new practices in contracting affect the traditional obligation law institutes
SCOPE AND QUALITY OF LEGAL PROTECTION AFFORDED TO COMPUTER PROGRAMS AS OBJECT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Computer programs are basic components of the usage of digital technology in all aspects of modern life, so the question arises as to how can current legal rules follow the development of digital technology i.e. computer programs as well as modalities of its usage. The use of digital technology, especially via creation of computer programs, affects the law, and, consequently, leads to the need for adjusting already established legal mechanisms or for creating new ones for this aspect of legal relations. Since creation and usage of computer programs is basically result of human creative activity (intellectual property), the need arises to position and classify, as well as to define rights, obligations and legal protection of subjects and objects involved in these legal relations. Computer program, in the context of the law of Republic of Serbia, is treated as an object of copyright, while comparative law analyses shows different legal treatments in national laws in the region. Having in mind that computer technology develops far more faster than legal regulation can follow, question arises as to what is current scope and quality of legal protection of computer programs, as object of intellectual property. Defined issues will be analyzed within legal systems of the states in the region β Republic of Serbia, Republic of Croatia, Republic of Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in the wider context of the law of the European Union and the process of harmonization of national laws with community law
National responsibility of the European Union in the light of the international law rules on the responsibility of international organizations
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ lex specialis-Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π£Π½ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ΅
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°, Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎ
(ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ) ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°
Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π£ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΠ²Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π½
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π° Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ³Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ lex specialis-Π°,
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·
βΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°β. Π£ ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅
ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π΅, ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ°
ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.The research subject of this doctoral thesis is whether general rules on
international responsibility of international organizations, as defined by International
Law Commission, in Draft Articles on responsibility of international organizations
(hereinafter: Draft), can be applied to European Union and member states, bearing in
mind specificity of the Union and its order, or special rule can be defined in terms of lex
specialis. Thus defined, the research subject falls within the area of the law of
international organizations, as specific branch of public international law, but to a
significant extent, also within European (communitarian) law. Responsibility of
international organizations represents increasingly significant topic in contemporary
international law, as evidenced by rapid development of this branch of international law
in international and European law schools study programs, and also by the work of the
International Law Commission of the United Nations on the codification of rules on the
responsibility of international organizations.
This research in based upon two hypothesis. Firstly, European Union is
considered special in relation to the traditional concept of international organizations.
Thus, after presenting codified rules on international responsibility of international
organizations, author analyzes the Union as an international organization, and its order
in relation to the common characteristics of international organizations in international
law. The second hypothesis argues that it is possible, based on the current jurisprudence
on the international responsibility of the European Union before various forums, to
define a rule that could be applied in the form of lex specialis, especially in cases of
responsibility of the Union and its Member States stemming from "the decentralized
implementation of the Community legal order." In order to confirm this hypothesis, the
study includes cases before various judicial bodies in which participated the European
Union and which have decided on its responsibility
National responsibility of the European Union in the light of the international law rules on the responsibility of international organizations
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ lex specialis-Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π£Π½ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ΅
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°, Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎ
(ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ) ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°
Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π£ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΠ²Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π½
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π° Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ³Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ lex specialis-Π°,
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·
βΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°β. Π£ ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅
ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π΅, ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ°
ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.The research subject of this doctoral thesis is whether general rules on
international responsibility of international organizations, as defined by International
Law Commission, in Draft Articles on responsibility of international organizations
(hereinafter: Draft), can be applied to European Union and member states, bearing in
mind specificity of the Union and its order, or special rule can be defined in terms of lex
specialis. Thus defined, the research subject falls within the area of the law of
international organizations, as specific branch of public international law, but to a
significant extent, also within European (communitarian) law. Responsibility of
international organizations represents increasingly significant topic in contemporary
international law, as evidenced by rapid development of this branch of international law
in international and European law schools study programs, and also by the work of the
International Law Commission of the United Nations on the codification of rules on the
responsibility of international organizations.
This research in based upon two hypothesis. Firstly, European Union is
considered special in relation to the traditional concept of international organizations.
Thus, after presenting codified rules on international responsibility of international
organizations, author analyzes the Union as an international organization, and its order
in relation to the common characteristics of international organizations in international
law. The second hypothesis argues that it is possible, based on the current jurisprudence
on the international responsibility of the European Union before various forums, to
define a rule that could be applied in the form of lex specialis, especially in cases of
responsibility of the Union and its Member States stemming from "the decentralized
implementation of the Community legal order." In order to confirm this hypothesis, the
study includes cases before various judicial bodies in which participated the European
Union and which have decided on its responsibility
National responsibility of the European Union in the light of the international law rules on the responsibility of international organizations
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ lex specialis-Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π£Π½ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ΅
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°, Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎ
(ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ) ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°
Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π£ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΠ²Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π½
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π° Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ³Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ lex specialis-Π°,
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·
βΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°β. Π£ ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅
ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π΅, ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ°
ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.The research subject of this doctoral thesis is whether general rules on
international responsibility of international organizations, as defined by International
Law Commission, in Draft Articles on responsibility of international organizations
(hereinafter: Draft), can be applied to European Union and member states, bearing in
mind specificity of the Union and its order, or special rule can be defined in terms of lex
specialis. Thus defined, the research subject falls within the area of the law of
international organizations, as specific branch of public international law, but to a
significant extent, also within European (communitarian) law. Responsibility of
international organizations represents increasingly significant topic in contemporary
international law, as evidenced by rapid development of this branch of international law
in international and European law schools study programs, and also by the work of the
International Law Commission of the United Nations on the codification of rules on the
responsibility of international organizations.
This research in based upon two hypothesis. Firstly, European Union is
considered special in relation to the traditional concept of international organizations.
Thus, after presenting codified rules on international responsibility of international
organizations, author analyzes the Union as an international organization, and its order
in relation to the common characteristics of international organizations in international
law. The second hypothesis argues that it is possible, based on the current jurisprudence
on the international responsibility of the European Union before various forums, to
define a rule that could be applied in the form of lex specialis, especially in cases of
responsibility of the Union and its Member States stemming from "the decentralized
implementation of the Community legal order." In order to confirm this hypothesis, the
study includes cases before various judicial bodies in which participated the European
Union and which have decided on its responsibility