Avian Frugivory In Cytharexyllum Myrianthum Cham (verbenaceae) In Pastures Near Campinas, São Paulo [frugivoria Por Aves Em Cytharexyllum Myrianthum Cham (verbenaceae) Em áreas De Pastagens De Campinas, Sp]

Isolated trees in pastures are now often, due to increasing devastation of forested areas, important feeding places for migratory or generalist birds. These trees serve both as food sources and as deposition sites for seeds from fruits consumed in neighboring areas. The objective of this study was to identify the avian consumers of the fruits of Cytharexyllum myrianthum trees in open pastures and describe their feeding behavior and how it influences seed dispersion. Forty two hours of observations included 198 feeding bouts of nine bird species. Turdus leucomelas (Muscicapidae) was the main consumer (28% of fruit consumption), swallowing the entire fruit. Next, was Tyrannus melancholicus (Tyrannidae, 23%), which may be the most efficient seed disperser of C. myrianthum because it regurgitates the seeds on sites far from the parent tree.131113115Galetti, M., Pizo, M.A., Fruit eating by birds in a forest fragment in southeastern Brazil (1996) Ararajuba, 4, pp. 71-79Guevara, S., Purata, S. E. e E. Van der Maarel (1986) The role of remnant trees in tropical secondary succession. Vegetatio 66:77-84Guevara, S. e D. J. Laborde (1990) Uso de árboles aislados para el manejo de pastizales tropicales: su contribución al mantenimiento de la diversidade de espécies de la selva, p. 188-213. Em: Maitre, H. F. e H. Puig (eds.) Actes Cayenne. Atelier Sur L'amènagement Et La Conservation De L'ecosystème Forestier Tropical Humide. Etudes de Cas. Caiena: International Union of Forest Research Organizations/ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsHerrera, L.M., Jordano, P., Prunus mahaleb and birds: The high - efficiency seed dispersal system of a temperate fruiting tree (1981) Ecol. Monogr, 51, pp. 203-281Izhaki, I., Walton, P.B., Safriel, U.N., Seed shadows generated by frugivorous birds in an eastern Mediterranean shrub (1991) J. Ecol, 79, pp. 575-590Levey, D. (1986) Methods of seed processing by birds and seed deposition patterns, p. 147-158. Em: Estrada, A. e T. H. Fleming (eds.) Frugivores and seed dispersal. Dordrecht: Dr W. Junk PublLevey, D., Seed size and fruit - handling techiniques of avian frugivores (1987) Am. Nat, 129, pp. 471-485Lopes, R. F. (2000) Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes através da avifauna, em quatro espécies vegetais na região de Botucatu - SP. Piracicaba. Dissertação de mestrado - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de QueirozLorenzi, H. (2002) Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas do Brasil, 1. (4.a ed). Nova Odessa: Instituto PlantarumMcKey, D. (1975) The dispersal of coevolved seed dispersal systems p. 159-191. Em: Gilbert, L. E. e P. H. Raven (eds.) Coevolution of animals and plants. University of Texas PressMoermond, T.C., Denslow, J.S., Neotropical avian frugivores: Patterns of behavior, morphology and nutrition, with consequences for fruit selection (1985) Ornithol. Monogr, 36, pp. 865-897Reitz, R., Klein, R. M. e A. Reis (1979) Levantamento das espécies florestais nativas em Santa Catarina com a possibilidade de incremento e desenvolvimento. Em: Reitz, R., Klein, R. M. e A. Reis (eds.) Projeto Madeiras de Santa Catarina. Itajaí: LunardelliSchupp, E.W., Quantity, quality and the effectiveness of seed dispersal (1993) Vegetatio, 108, pp. 15-29Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro: Nova FronteiraSnow, D.W., Evolutionary aspects of fruit-eating by birds (1971) Ibis, 113, pp. 194-202van der Pijl, L., (1982) Principles of dispersal in higher plants, , Berlim: Springer, Verla