Primary Observables for Indirect Searches at Colliders

We consider the complete set of observables for collider searches for indirect effects of new heavy physics. They consist of $SU(3)_{\rm C}\times U(1)_{\rm EM}$ invariant interaction terms in the effective Lagrangian renormalized at the experimental energy scale that parameterize deviations from the Standard Model. Under the assumption that the new physics arises from heavy particles with mass of order $M$, we show that the leading deviations from the Standard Model can be parameterized by a finite number of `primary' operators, with the remaining operators given by `Mandelstam descendants' whose effects are suppressed by powers of Mandelstam variables divided by $M$. This classification does not rely on any effective field theory power counting rule (as in SMEFT or HEFT) or assumptions about the UV physics (for example decoupling). We explicitly determine all 3 and 4-point primary operators relevant for Higgs signals at colliders. We give a detailed discussion of the methods used to obtain this result, including a new analytical method for determining the independent operators. The results are checked using the Hilbert series that counts independent operators. We also give a sketch of the phenomenology, including unitarity bounds on the interaction strengths and rough estimates of their importance for Higgs decays at the HL-LHC. This motivates further exploration of Higgs decays to $Z\bar{f}f$, $W\bar{f}f'$, $\gamma \bar{f}f$, and $Z\gamma\gamma$.Comment: 45 pages, 2 figures, 13 table

Time-dependent reliability analysis for a herringbone planetary gear set with failure dependency under random loads

A gear-bearing coupling dynamic model that includes bearing stiffness, mesh stiffness and mesh errors for a herringbone planetary gear set (HPGS) is proposed. The proposed model is used to predict the random stress process of the gears and bearings along with Monte Carlo simulation, when the effects of tooth surface wear on meshing errors are considered. A calculation model for the random strength process is derived by applying the linear fatigue damage criterion and regarding the Poisson random process as a counting process of the random stress. Assuming that the stress and strength are random processes, a time-dependent reliability model for HPGS with failure dependency is proposed to predict the time-dependent reliability of HPGS based on the failure mode groups that are obtained by the correlation coefficient. The results show that, the meshing errors caused by the tooth surface wear, make the dynamic loads and failure dependency of the parts of HPGS gradually increase over service time. At the same time the fatigue damage, which is caused by the load action, makes the strength of parts of HPGS gradually decrease over service time. Therefore the reliability of HPGS quickly decreases over service time. If the shafts of the planets and sun gear are free in their axial direction, the failure dependency of the parts will significantly decrease, and the reliability of a herringbone planetary gear set will significantly be improved

A unique distant submillimeter galaxy with an X-ray-obscured radio-luminous active galactic nucleus

We present a multiwavelength study of an atypical submillimeter galaxy in the GOODS-North field, with the aim to understand its physical properties of stellar and dust emission, as well as the central AGN activity. Although it is shown that the source is likely an extremely dusty galaxy at high redshift, its exact position of submillimeter emission is unknown. With the new NOEMA interferometric imaging, we confirm that the source is a unique dusty galaxy. It has no obvious counterpart in the optical and even NIR images observed with HST at lambda~<1.4um. Photometric-redshift analyses from both stellar and dust SED suggest it to likely be at z~>4, though a lower redshift at z~>3.1 cannot be fully ruled out (at 90% confidence interval). Explaining its unusual optical-to-NIR properties requires an old stellar population (~0.67 Gyr), coexisting with a very dusty ongoing starburst component. The latter is contributing to the FIR emission, with its rest-frame UV and optical light being largely obscured along our line of sight. If the observed fluxes at the rest-frame optical/NIR wavelengths were mainly contributed by old stars, a total stellar mass of ~3.5x10^11Msun would be obtained. An X-ray spectral analysis suggests that this galaxy harbors a heavily obscured AGN with N_H=3.3x10^23 cm^-2 and an intrinsic 2-10 keV luminosity of L_X~2.6x10^44 erg/s, which places this object among distant type 2 quasars. The radio emission of the source is extremely bright, which is an order of magnitude higher than the star-formation-powered emission, making it one of the most distant radio-luminous dusty galaxies. The combined characteristics of the galaxy suggest that the source appears to have been caught in a rare but critical transition stage in the evolution of submillimeter galaxies, where we are witnessing the birth of a young AGN and possibly the earliest stage of its jet formation and feedback.Comment: 13 pages in printer format, 10 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in the A&

The active oxygen species promoted catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural on facet-specific Pt nanocrystals

This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (Grant No. 17JCYBJC22600) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.The aerobic oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes over noble metal catalysts is a critical reaction for the catalytic conversion of carbohydrates into value-added chemicals from biomass. However, to fully understand the reaction mechanism, in particular the role of O2 and the generated active oxygen species in these reactions is still a challenging target. In the present work, the sub-10 nm Pt nanocrystals with cubic (Pt-NCs), octahedral (Pt-NOs) and spherical (Pt-NSs) morphologies were synthesized and used as catalysts in aerobic oxidation of HMF. Through experimental and computational investigations, the facet-dependent O2 conversion pathway and catalytic oxidation performance were discussed. The molecular O2 tends to be dissoci-ated to generate •OH on Pt(100) surface, but prefers to be reduced to •O2- on Pt(111) surface. Moreover, Pt-NCs enclosed by the {100} facets exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity than Pt-NOs enclosed by the {111} facets and Pt-NSs, in particular for alcohol oxidation step. Based on the experimental data and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, an active oxygen species promoted dehydrogenation mechanism for aerobic oxidation of HMF was proposed. The dehydrogena-tion of alcohol group is more favourable on the Pt(100) surface with an assistance of •OH, which are the dominant active oxygen species on the Pt(100) surface. We anticipate that this work would provide a new insight into the role of active oxy-gen species in aerobic oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes over noble metal catalysts.PostprintPeer reviewe

Dynosaur: A Dynamic Growth Paradigm for Instruction-Tuning Data Curation

Instruction tuning has emerged to enhance the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to comprehend instructions and generate appropriate responses. Existing methods either manually annotate or employ LLM (e.g., GPT-series) to generate data for instruction tuning. However, they often overlook associating instructions with existing annotated datasets. In this paper, we propose Dynosaur, a dynamic growth paradigm for the automatic curation of instruction-tuning data. Based on the metadata of existing datasets, we use LLMs to automatically construct instruction-tuning data by identifying relevant data fields and generating appropriate instructions. By leveraging the existing annotated datasets, Dynosaur offers several advantages: 1) it reduces the API cost for generating instructions (e.g., it costs less than $12 USD by calling GPT-3.5-turbo for generating 800K instruction tuning samples; 2) it provides high-quality data for instruction tuning (e.g., it performs better than Alpaca and Flan on Super-NI and Longform with comparable data sizes); and 3) it supports the continuous improvement of models by generating instruction-tuning data when a new annotated dataset becomes available. We further investigate a continual learning scheme for learning with the ever-growing instruction-tuning dataset, and demonstrate that replaying tasks with diverse instruction embeddings not only helps mitigate forgetting issues but generalizes to unseen tasks better. Code and data are available at https://github.com/WadeYin9712/Dynosaur.Comment: EMNLP 2023. Code and data are available at https://github.com/WadeYin9712/Dynosau

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF TENNIS VOLLEY

The purpose of this study was to examine selected kinematic variables of the tennis volley. Fifteen skilled tennis players performed volley strokes under five (right, rightmiddle, middle, left-middle, left) different lateral contact locations. A ball machine was modified so subjects could not predict the ball trajectory before it was released from the machine. Two high-speed cameras (250Hz) were genlocked to collect the data and the Kwon3D software was used to analyze the temporal and kinematic variables. The results indicated the middle location have the shortest pushing (0.249s) and stroke (0.466s) time than other locations. An ipsilateral side step occurred more often in Backhand (BH, 86%) than in Forehand (FH, 67%). In addition, more FH volley (55%) was used than BH (45%) when return the ball from middle location