3 research outputs found

    (Novel-Analoga von Glycopeptiden)

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    Glycoconjugates are desirable targets for synthesis and investigation of the biological properties. In this Ph.D thesis, the utilization of Staudinger-type reactions for the synthesis of natural and unnatural glycoconjugates is presented. The traceless Staudinger ligation is utilized to create amide bonds which allows the access of glycosyl amides. The key steps in this transformation are the synthesis of phosphino(thio)esters as well as their reactions with glycosyl azides. Diphenyl-phosphinophenol and borane-protected phosphinomethanethiol, which have been demonstrated to be stable against oxidation, were synthesized and further utilized to prepare phosphinothioesters as well as phosphinophenolesters in moderate to good overall yield. The acid-induced traceless Staudinger ligation using borane- protected phosphino-methanethiol showed a useful applicability to deliver glycosyl amides at small molecule and amino acid level, whereas it was not applicable to access neither iminophosphorane intermediates nor their corresponding N-linked glycopeptides. On the other hand, the utilization of diphenyl-phosphinophenol as a linker in the traceless Staudinger ligation, at peptide level, allowed the acquisition of iminophosphorane (aza-ylide) intermediates which underwent a very slow N O acyl shift into the corresponding amidophosphonium salts providing subsequently the desired N-linked glycopeptides in very low yields upon hydrolysis. Unlike the traceless Staudinger ligation, the utilization of the Staudinger phosphite reaction allowed the acquisition of a novel glycopeptide mimetic by solid- phase synthesis. The key elements in this synthetic procedure were the synthesis of dimethyl phosphite containing peptides by global phosphitylation of an unprotected Ser residue as well as their reaction with glycosyl azides. The phosphoramidate-linked glycoconjugates were furnished upon TFA-mediated cleavage in high yields and under high retention of the anomeric linkage. These novel artificial glycopeptides showed excellent stability under acidic and physiological conditions. The Staudinger phosphite reaction allowed also the access to biotinylated mono- and divalent glycopeptides as interesting targets for Lectin binding studies.Glykokonjugate sind wünschenswerte Ziele für die Synthese und Untersuchung von biologischen Eigenschaften. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Anwendung der Staudinger Reaktionen auf die Synthese von natürlichen und unnatürlichen Glykokonjugaten vorgestellt. Die spurlose Staudinger Ligation wird zur Bildung von Amidbindungen für den Zugang zu Glycosylamiden genutzt. Die wichtigsten Schritte in dieser Transformation sind die Synthese von Phosphino(thio)estern sowie deren Reaktionen mit Azidozuckern. Diphenyl-phosphinophenol und Boran- geschütztes Phosphinomethanethiol, deren Stabilität gegenüber Oxidation gezeigt wurde, wurden synthetisiert und weiter genutzt, um Phosphinothioester und Phosphinophenolester in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten darzustellen. Die Säure-induzierte spurlose Staudinger Ligation mit Boran-geschütztem Phosphino- methanthiol wies eine sinnvolle Anwendbarkeit auf Glycosylamide auf der Ebene kleine Moleküle und Aminosäuren auf, während sie weder auf Peptidische Iminophosphoran-Zwischenprodukte noch auf die entsprechenden N-Glykopeptide anwendbar war. Andererseits, erlaubte die Verwendung von Diphenyl- phosphinophenol als Linker in der spurlosen Staudinger Ligation, auf Peptid- Ebene, die Darstellung von Iminophosphoran (Aza-Ylid) Zwischenprodukten, die eine sehr langsame N O Acyl Verschiebung zu den entsprechenden Amidophosphonium Salzen eingingen, und damit die Darstellung der gewünschten N-Glycopeptide in sehr geringen Ausbeuten durch Hydrolyse. Anders als die spurlose Staudinger Ligation erlaubt die Anwendung der Staudinger Phosphit Reaktion die Darstellung eines neuen Glycopeptid-Mimetikums durch Festphasensynthese. Die Schlüsselelemente in diesem synthetischen Verfahren waren die Synthese von Peptiden mit Dimethylphosphit durch globale Phosphitylierung eines ungeschützten Serin Restes, sowie deren Reaktion mit Azidozuckern. Die Phosphoramidat-Glykokonjugaten wurden durch TFA-vermittelte Spaltung in hohen Ausbeuten und mit hohen Stereoselektivität am anomere Zentrum dargestellt. Diese neuartigen künstlichen Glycopeptide zeigten ausgezeichnete Stabilität unter sauren und physiologischen Bedingungen. Die Staudinger Phosphit Reaktion ermöglichte auch den Zugang zu biotinylierten Mono- und Di-glycosylierten Peptiden als interessante Zielstrukturen für Lektinbindungsstudien

    Bioremediation of cadmium-contaminated water systems using intact and alkaline-treated alga (<i>Hydrodictyon reticulatum</i>) naturally grown in an ecosystem

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    <p>Cadmium can enter water, soil, and food chain in amounts harmful to human health by industrial wastes. The use of intact and NaOH-treated dried algal tissues (<i>Hydrodictyon reticulatum</i>), a major ecosystem bio-component, for Cd removal from aqueous solutions was characterized. Cadmium biosorption was found to be dependent on solution pH, bioadsorbent dose, the interaction between pH and dose, contact time, and initial Cd concentration. The experimental results indicated that the biosorption performance of alkaline-treated algal tissues was better than that of intact tissues. The maximum biosorption capacities were 7.40 and 12.74 mg g<sup>−1</sup> for intact and alkaline-treated bioadsorbents, respectively, at optimum operating conditions. Biosorption reaches equilibrium after 24 and 240 minutes of contact, respectively, for alkaline-treated and intact bioadsorbents. Cadmium biosorption was best fitted to Langmuir isotherm model (<i>R<sup>2</sup></i> ≈ 0.99) and the kinetic study obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which suggests chemisorption as the rate-limiting step in the biosorption process. Alkaline-treated algal tissues can be used as a new material of low-cost bioadsorbent for continuous flow rate treatment systems.</p
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