Mapping QTLs for grain yield and its components in a tropical maize population

A produção de grãos e seus componentes em milho são caracteres controlados por muitos genes, possuindo elevado efeito da interação genótipos x ambientes. Até recentemente, esses caracteres foram estudados utilizando-se modelos estatístico-genéticos baseados no somatório dos efeitos dos locos segregantes nas populações. Com o advento dos marcadores moleculares, desenvolveram-se novos modelos estatístico-genéticos, e mapas genéticos saturados foram construídos possibilitando o mapeamento dos locos (QTLs) que controlam tais caracteres. Assim, o número, posições no genoma e efeitos genéticos de QTLs individuais foram estimados. A maioria dos estudos reportados sobre mapeamento de QTLs em milho utiliza germoplasma temperado, e poucos estudos relatam ocorrência de QTLs possuindo interação com ambientes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram o mapeamento de QTLs para produção de grãos e seus componentes, avaliando-se o efeito da interação QTLs x ambientes (QTL x E) e evidências de pleiotropia ou ligação gênica entre caracteres, em uma população de milho tropical. Foram utilizadas 256 progênies F2:3 avaliadas em diversos ambientes, sendo o mapa genético construído com 139 marcadores microssatélites (SSRs) e o mapeamento de QTLs e o teste da interação QTLs x ambientes realizados empregando-se o mapeamento por intervalo composto expandido para múltiplos ambientes (mCIM). Os caracteres utilizados foram produção de grãos (PG) e prolificidade (Prol), avaliados em nove ambientes, e peso de 500 grãos (P500), comprimento (CE) e diâmetro de espiga (DE), diâmetro de sabugo (DS), profundidade de grão (Prof), número de fileiras (NFil) e de grãos por fileira (NGFil), avaliados em sete ambientes. Foram mapeados 24, 19, 17, 18, 17, 14, 16, 14 e 15 QTLs para PG, Prol, P500, CE, DE, DS, Prof, NFil e NGFil, respectivamente. Os QTLs distribuíram-se irregularmente nos cromossomos, não ocorrendo regiões de concentração de QTLs para nenhum caráter. O grau médio de dominância foi de dominância parcial para PG e P500, dominância completa para Prol, DE e NGFil e sobredominância para CE, DS, Prof e NFil, enquanto os graus de dominância dos QTLs individuais variaram de aditividade a sobredominância. Na maior parte dos QTLs mapeados para todos os caracteres foi constatada interação QTLs x ambientes, que ocorreu para todos os QTLs mapeados para PG. A proporção da variância genética explicada pelos QTLs foi de 53,83% para PG, variando de 28,55% para DS a 69,42% para DE. Os QTLs explicaram apenas parte da variância genética dos caracteres devido à ocorrência de regiões genômicas isentas de marcadores e também ao método mCIM, que admite apenas um QTL por intervalo. Os números de QTLs mapeados para todos os caracteres foram os maiores dentre os relatados na literatura tanto em germoplasma temperado quanto tropical, com poucas exceções. Foram constatadas 44 regiões genômicas contendo QTLs para diferentes caracteres, representando evidência de ligação gênica ou efeito pleiotrópico em seu controle genético. O reduzido número de QTLs estáveis entre os ambientes para todos os caracteres implica desafio adicional para a seleção assistida por marcadores em áreas de clima tropical, a menos que programas de melhoramento sejam direcionados para regiões específicas.Grain yield and its components in maize are controlled by many loci and present high interaction with environments. Until recently inheritance studies of these traits used statisticalgenetic models based on the net effects of the segregating loci in the populations. With the advent of molecular markers and new statistical-genetic models, well-satured genetic maps could be developed allowing the mapping of the loci (QTLs) that control these traits. Thus, the number of loci, their genomic position, and the genetic effects of individual QTLs could be estimated. The majority of reported QTL mapping studies in maize is from temperate germplasm, and few of them reported the number of QTL that interacted with environments. The objectives of this research were to map QTLs for grain yield and its components, to evaluate QTL by environment interaction (QTL x E) and the evidence of linked QTLs or pleiotropic effects of some QTLs in a tropical maize population. Two-hundred and fifty-six F2:3 progenies evaluated in several environments, a genetic map with 139 microsatellite markers (SSRs), and the multipleenvironment composite interval mapping analysis (mCIM) were used to map QTL, and to test QTL x E interaction. The traits analyzed were grain yield (GY) and prolificacy (Prol) evaluated in nine environments, and 500 kernels weight (W500), ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), cob diameter (CD), kernel depth (KD), row number per ear (RN) and kernels per row number (KRN) evaluated in seven environments. Twenty-four, 19, 17, 18, 17, 14, 16, 14, and 15 QTLs were mapped for GY, Prol, W500, EL, ED, CD, KD, RN and KRN, respectively. These QTLs were not evenly distributed along the chromosomes, although there were not genomic regions with high concentration of QTLs for all traits. The average levels of dominance were partial dominance for GY and W500, complete dominance for Prol, ED and KRN, and overdominance for EL, CD, KD and RN, although for all traits the levels of dominance of the individual QTLs ranged from additive to overdominance. Most of the QTLs for all traits interacted significantly with environments; for grain yield all QTLs interacted with environments. The proportion of the genetic variance explained by all QTLs was 53.83% for GY, and for its components they ranged from 28.55% for CD to 69.42% for ED. The mapped QTLs accounted for only part of the genetic variance because there are some chromosome regions with few markers and because the mCIM method allows mapping just one QTL per interval. The number of QTLs mapped for all traits evaluated was higher than those reported for temperate and for tropical germplasm, with few exceptions. Forty-four genomic regions had QTLs mapped for different traits evidencing the presence of linked QTLs or pleiotropic effects of some QTLs affecting different traits. The low number of stable QTLs across environments for all traits imposes additional challenges for marker-assisted selection in tropical areas, unless the breeding programs could be directed towards specific target areas

Mapping QTLs for grain yield and its components in a tropical maize population

A produção de grãos e seus componentes em milho são caracteres controlados por muitos genes, possuindo elevado efeito da interação genótipos x ambientes. Até recentemente, esses caracteres foram estudados utilizando-se modelos estatístico-genéticos baseados no somatório dos efeitos dos locos segregantes nas populações. Com o advento dos marcadores moleculares, desenvolveram-se novos modelos estatístico-genéticos, e mapas genéticos saturados foram construídos possibilitando o mapeamento dos locos (QTLs) que controlam tais caracteres. Assim, o número, posições no genoma e efeitos genéticos de QTLs individuais foram estimados. A maioria dos estudos reportados sobre mapeamento de QTLs em milho utiliza germoplasma temperado, e poucos estudos relatam ocorrência de QTLs possuindo interação com ambientes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram o mapeamento de QTLs para produção de grãos e seus componentes, avaliando-se o efeito da interação QTLs x ambientes (QTL x E) e evidências de pleiotropia ou ligação gênica entre caracteres, em uma população de milho tropical. Foram utilizadas 256 progênies F2:3 avaliadas em diversos ambientes, sendo o mapa genético construído com 139 marcadores microssatélites (SSRs) e o mapeamento de QTLs e o teste da interação QTLs x ambientes realizados empregando-se o mapeamento por intervalo composto expandido para múltiplos ambientes (mCIM). Os caracteres utilizados foram produção de grãos (PG) e prolificidade (Prol), avaliados em nove ambientes, e peso de 500 grãos (P500), comprimento (CE) e diâmetro de espiga (DE), diâmetro de sabugo (DS), profundidade de grão (Prof), número de fileiras (NFil) e de grãos por fileira (NGFil), avaliados em sete ambientes. Foram mapeados 24, 19, 17, 18, 17, 14, 16, 14 e 15 QTLs para PG, Prol, P500, CE, DE, DS, Prof, NFil e NGFil, respectivamente. Os QTLs distribuíram-se irregularmente nos cromossomos, não ocorrendo regiões de concentração de QTLs para nenhum caráter. O grau médio de dominância foi de dominância parcial para PG e P500, dominância completa para Prol, DE e NGFil e sobredominância para CE, DS, Prof e NFil, enquanto os graus de dominância dos QTLs individuais variaram de aditividade a sobredominância. Na maior parte dos QTLs mapeados para todos os caracteres foi constatada interação QTLs x ambientes, que ocorreu para todos os QTLs mapeados para PG. A proporção da variância genética explicada pelos QTLs foi de 53,83% para PG, variando de 28,55% para DS a 69,42% para DE. Os QTLs explicaram apenas parte da variância genética dos caracteres devido à ocorrência de regiões genômicas isentas de marcadores e também ao método mCIM, que admite apenas um QTL por intervalo. Os números de QTLs mapeados para todos os caracteres foram os maiores dentre os relatados na literatura tanto em germoplasma temperado quanto tropical, com poucas exceções. Foram constatadas 44 regiões genômicas contendo QTLs para diferentes caracteres, representando evidência de ligação gênica ou efeito pleiotrópico em seu controle genético. O reduzido número de QTLs estáveis entre os ambientes para todos os caracteres implica desafio adicional para a seleção assistida por marcadores em áreas de clima tropical, a menos que programas de melhoramento sejam direcionados para regiões específicas.Grain yield and its components in maize are controlled by many loci and present high interaction with environments. Until recently inheritance studies of these traits used statisticalgenetic models based on the net effects of the segregating loci in the populations. With the advent of molecular markers and new statistical-genetic models, well-satured genetic maps could be developed allowing the mapping of the loci (QTLs) that control these traits. Thus, the number of loci, their genomic position, and the genetic effects of individual QTLs could be estimated. The majority of reported QTL mapping studies in maize is from temperate germplasm, and few of them reported the number of QTL that interacted with environments. The objectives of this research were to map QTLs for grain yield and its components, to evaluate QTL by environment interaction (QTL x E) and the evidence of linked QTLs or pleiotropic effects of some QTLs in a tropical maize population. Two-hundred and fifty-six F2:3 progenies evaluated in several environments, a genetic map with 139 microsatellite markers (SSRs), and the multipleenvironment composite interval mapping analysis (mCIM) were used to map QTL, and to test QTL x E interaction. The traits analyzed were grain yield (GY) and prolificacy (Prol) evaluated in nine environments, and 500 kernels weight (W500), ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), cob diameter (CD), kernel depth (KD), row number per ear (RN) and kernels per row number (KRN) evaluated in seven environments. Twenty-four, 19, 17, 18, 17, 14, 16, 14, and 15 QTLs were mapped for GY, Prol, W500, EL, ED, CD, KD, RN and KRN, respectively. These QTLs were not evenly distributed along the chromosomes, although there were not genomic regions with high concentration of QTLs for all traits. The average levels of dominance were partial dominance for GY and W500, complete dominance for Prol, ED and KRN, and overdominance for EL, CD, KD and RN, although for all traits the levels of dominance of the individual QTLs ranged from additive to overdominance. Most of the QTLs for all traits interacted significantly with environments; for grain yield all QTLs interacted with environments. The proportion of the genetic variance explained by all QTLs was 53.83% for GY, and for its components they ranged from 28.55% for CD to 69.42% for ED. The mapped QTLs accounted for only part of the genetic variance because there are some chromosome regions with few markers and because the mCIM method allows mapping just one QTL per interval. The number of QTLs mapped for all traits evaluated was higher than those reported for temperate and for tropical germplasm, with few exceptions. Forty-four genomic regions had QTLs mapped for different traits evidencing the presence of linked QTLs or pleiotropic effects of some QTLs affecting different traits. The low number of stable QTLs across environments for all traits imposes additional challenges for marker-assisted selection in tropical areas, unless the breeding programs could be directed towards specific target areas

QTL mapping for reaction to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot in a tropical maize population

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) is an important disease in tropical and subtropical maize (Zea mays, L.) growing areas, but there is limited information on its inheritance. Thus, this research was conducted to study the inheritance of the PLS disease in tropical maize by using QTL mapping and to assess the feasibility of using marker-assisted selection aimed to develop genotypes resistance to this disease. Highly susceptible L14-04B and highly resistant L08-05F inbred lines were crossed to develop an F-2 population. Two-hundred and fifty six F-2 plants were genotyped with 143 microsatellite markers and their F-2:3 progenies were evaluated at seven environments. Ten plants per plot were evaluated 30 days after silk emergence following a rating scale, and the plot means were used for analyses. The heritability coefficient on a progeny mean basis was high (91.37%), and six QTL were mapped, with one QTL on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, and 6, and two QTL on chromosome 8. The gene action of the QTL ranged from additive to partial dominance, and the average level of dominance was partial dominance; also a dominance x dominance epistatic effect was detected between the QTL mapped on chromosome 8. The phenotypic variance explained by each QTL ranged from 2.91 to 11.86%, and the joint QTL effects explained 41.62% of the phenotypic variance. The alleles conditioning resistance to PLS disease of all mapped QTL were in the resistant parental inbred L08-05F. Thus, these alleles could be transferred to other elite maize inbreds by marker-assisted backcross selection to develop hybrids resistant to PLS disease119813611369CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2003/30265399/12143-1; 01/05702-

Genetic analysis of kernel oil content in tropical maize with design III and QTL mapping

Oil content and grain yield in maize are negatively correlated, and so far the development of high-oil high-yielding hybrids has not been accomplished. Then a fully understand of the inheritance of the kernel oil content is necessary to implement a breeding program to improve both traits simultaneously. Conventional and molecular marker analyses of the design III were carried out from a reference population developed from two tropical inbred lines divergent for kernel oil content. The results showed that additive variance was quite larger than the dominance variance, and the heritability coefficient was very high. Sixteen QTL were mapped, they were not evenly distributed along the chromosomes, and accounted for 30.91% of the genetic variance. The average level of dominance computed from both conventional and QTL analysis was partial dominance. The overall results indicated that the additive effects were more important than the dominance effects, the latter were not unidirectional and then heterosis could not be exploited in crosses. Most of the favorable alleles of the QTL were in the high-oil parental inbred, which could be transferred to other inbreds via marker-assisted backcross selection. Our results coupled with reported information indicated that the development of high-oil hybrids with acceptable yields could be accomplished by using marker-assisted selection involving oil content, grain yield and its components. Finally, to exploit the xenia effect to increase even more the oil content, these hybrids should be used in the Top Cross((TM)) procedure.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico [CNPq-308499/2006-9]Department of Genetics at the Agriculture College Luiz de Queiroz/University of Sao PauloDepartment of Genetics at the Agriculture College "Luiz de Queiroz"/University of Sao Paul

ARMAZENAMENTO DE SEMENTES DE FLOR-DE-SEDA [Calotropis procera (AITON) W.T. AITON]

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton - Apocynaceae (silk-flower) is an important species for several usages: ornamental, forage, timber, textile and medicine, that justify its study. We investigated the physiological behavior and the vigor of seeds under different storage conditions. There were performed month-ly evaluations of germination, seedling emergence, speed of emergence, seedling length and weight of seedling dry matter, during 180 days. Experimental design was completely randomized with a 6x5x3x2 factorial, using combinations of six storage periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 days), five moisture contents (30, 24, 18, 12 e 7%), three package types (paper bags, plastic bags and PET bottles) and two environmental conditions (chamber: 16 °C a 18 °C and laboratory: 27 °C a 30 °C, both environments with 50±5%) with four replications of 50 seeds. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance using F (p≤ 0.05) test to treatments and Tukey test for averages comparison, with polynomial regression analysis considering the storage periods. There were con-cluded that silk flower seeds presented orthodox physiological behavior; the vigor decreased when stored for 180 days; silk flower seeds with 7% moisture content are preserved efficiently in paper bags and controlled environment for 90 days