Inadequate timing of prophylactic antibiotics in orthopedic surgery. We can do better

Background and purpose There are rising concerns about the frequency of infection after arthroplasty surgery. Prophylactic antibiotics are an important part of the preventive measures. As their effect is related to the timing of administration, it is important to follow how the routines with preoperative prophylactic antibiotics are working

Current management of aneurysmal bone cysts

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign bone lesions arising predominantly in the pediatric population that can cause local pain, swelling, and pathologic fracture. Primary lesions, which constitute roughly two thirds of all ABCs, are thought to be neoplastic in nature, with one third of ABCs arising secondary to other tumors. Diagnosis is made with various imaging modalities, which exhibit characteristic features such as “fluid-fluid levels,” although biopsy is critical, as telangiectatic osteosarcoma cannot be excluded based on imaging alone. Currently, the standard of care and most widely employed treatment is intralesional curettage. However, tumor recurrence with curettage alone is common and has driven some to propose a multitude of adjuvants with varying efficacy and risk profiles. Historically, therapies such as en bloc resection or radiation therapy were utilized as an alternative to decrease the recurrence rate, but these therapies imposed high morbidity. As a result, modern techniques now seek to simultaneously reduce morbidity and recurrence, the pursuit of which has produced preliminary study into minimally invasive percutaneous treatments and medical management

Motility and guidance of sea urchin sperm

The sperm tail movement is a direct result from contributions of fluid mechanics, elasticity, and molecular-motor activity. Within the flagellum, the axonemal engine yields overall mechanical response and, ultimately, motility. This chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive and integrative overview of the relationship between the mechanics, signaling of sperm propulsion, and the physiological function of these cells in 3D. Sperm swimming, with its intricate coupling between the regulations of the flagellar beating has to ultimately fulfill its evolutionary function honed in their natural environment, the open sea. The strategies that are being employed to unravel this fascinating and fundamental process are revisited, where the sliding of water bodies shape chemical landscapes sensed by sperms during their journey, affecting motility patterns and directly determining gamete encounter rates.A.G. and C.B. acknowledge grants from the Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica UNAM (PAPIIT/DGAPA) IA202417 to A.G. and IN206016 and IN215519 to C.B. A.G. acknowledge the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologıa (CONACyT, 252213). We thank CONACYT and PAPIIT for fellowships to H.R. I.T. acknowledges the support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Grants No. FIS2016-77692-C2-1-P

Complications of Subspecialty Ophthalmic Care: Systemic Complications from the Intravitreal Administration of Agents that Target the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway

The treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other pathologic ocular conditions that overexpress the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been revolutionized in the last decade by the introduction of intravitreal agents that target the VEGF pathway. Since treatment trials are designed primarily to assess the prevention of vision loss caused by ocular conditions, they are inadequate for detecting rare, but potentially serious, systemic side effects. The aim of this article is to present what the ophthalmologist needs to know about systemic complications from anti-VEGF therapy and review the likelihood that these side effects occur in the context of small, but often-repeated, intravitreal doses of these potent biological medications. Preferred practice patterns need to be developed that weigh the ability of these medications to mitigate potentially blinding conditions, while at the same time minimizing the risk of adverse outcomes in specific patient populations that possess multiple and often interrelated medical comorbidities