Zebrafish: a vertebrate tool for studying basal body biogenesis, structure, and function.

Understanding the role of basal bodies (BBs) during development and disease has been largely overshadowed by research into the function of the cilium. Although these two organelles are closely associated, they have specific roles to complete for successful cellular development. Appropriate development and function of the BB are fundamental for cilia function. Indeed, there are a growing number of human genetic diseases affecting ciliary development, known collectively as the ciliopathies. Accumulating evidence suggests that BBs establish cell polarity, direct ciliogenesis, and provide docking sites for proteins required within the ciliary axoneme. Major contributions to our knowledge of BB structure and function have been provided by studies in flagellated or ciliated unicellular eukaryotic organisms, specifically Tetrahymena and Chlamydomonas. Reproducing these and other findings in vertebrates has required animal in vivo models. Zebrafish have fast become one of the primary organisms of choice for modeling vertebrate functional genetics. Rapid ex-utero development, proficient egg laying, ease of genetic manipulation, and affordability make zebrafish an attractive vertebrate research tool. Furthermore, zebrafish share over 80 % of disease causing genes with humans. In this article, we discuss the merits of using zebrafish to study BB functional genetics, review current knowledge of zebrafish BB ultrastructure and mechanisms of function, and consider the outlook for future zebrafish-based BB studies

Signal transduction underlying the control of urinary bladder smooth muscle tone by muscarinic receptors and β-adrenoceptors

The normal physiological contraction of the urinary bladder, which is required for voiding, is predominantly mediated by muscarinic receptors, primarily the M3 subtype, with the M2 subtype providing a secondary backup role. Bladder relaxation, which is required for urine storage, is mediated by β-adrenoceptors, in most species involving a strong β3-component. An excessive stimulation of contraction or a reduced relaxation of the detrusor smooth muscle during the storage phase of the micturition cycle may contribute to bladder dysfunction known as the overactive bladder. Therefore, interference with the signal transduction of these receptors may be a viable approach to develop drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder. The prototypical signaling pathway of M3 receptors is activation of phospholipase C (PLC), and this pathway is also activated in the bladder. Nevertheless, PLC apparently contributes only in a very minor way to bladder contraction. Rather, muscarinic-receptor-mediated bladder contraction involves voltage-operated Ca2+ channels and Rho kinase. The prototypical signaling pathway of β-adrenoceptors is an activation of adenylyl cyclase with the subsequent formation of cAMP. Nevertheless, cAMP apparently contributes in a minor way only to β-adrenoceptor-mediated bladder relaxation. BKCa channels may play a greater role in β-adrenoceptor-mediated bladder relaxation. We conclude that apart from muscarinic receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists, inhibitors of Rho kinase and activators of BKCa channels may have potential to treat an overactive bladder

Crystal Structure Of 3,3-Dichloro-N-P-Methoxyphenyl-4-(2-Phenylstryl)-2-Azetidinone

WoSScopu

Structures of four- and six-coordinate monomers of [N,N '-bis(5-chlorosalicylidene)-1,3-diaminopropane]nickel(II)

WOS: 000165618200004[N,N' -Bis(5-chlorosalicylidene) -1,3 -diaminopropane] nickel(II) [Ni(C17H14N2O2Cl2)] 1 and [N,N' -Bis(5-chlorosalicylidene)-1,3 -diaminopropane] nickel(II) dihydrate [Ni(C17H14N2O2Cl2).2(H2O)] 2 were synthesized, and their crystal structures were determined. Compound 1 is monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 21.063(4), b = 8.151(1), c = 9.421(2) Angstrom, beta = 94.16(1)degrees, V = 1613.2(5) Angstrom (3), Z = 4 and D-c = 1.680 g cm(-3). Compound 1 contains a crystallographic twofold axis, and the whole molecule is not planar. The two Schiff base moieties, which in themselves are planar, are twisted with respect to one another. The least-squares planes through each half of the molecule are inclined at an angle of 29.1(1)degrees. The Ni atom is in a square-planar environment. The Ni-N and Ni-O distances are 1.958(2) and 1.910(2) Angstrom, respectively. Compound 2 is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with a = 7.892(1), b = 23.396(2), c = 9.992(1) Angstrom, V = 1846.3(3) Angstrom (3), Z = 4 and D-c = 1.597 g cm(-3). Compound 2 has crystallographic mirror symmetry, and again, the whole molecule is not planar. The two planar Schiff base moieties inclined at an angle of 38.7(1)degrees. The Ni atom is in a distorted octahedral geometry and coordinated by the donor atoms of the ligand in the horizontal plane, and the coordination sphere is completed by O atoms of two water molecules

N,N,N ',N '-tetramethylethylenediammonium dichloride

kabak, mehmet/0000-0001-6097-9394WOS: 000086645900070The structure of the title compound, C6H18N22+. 2Cl(-), has been determined and has a centre of symmetry, The molecule has strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between each Cl- and an N-H bond [Cl ... N = 3.012 (3) Angstrom]

Conformational study and structure of bis-N,N '-p-bromo-salicylideneamine-1,2-diaminobenzene

WOS: 000165231100022Bis-N,N'-p-bromo-salicylideneamine-1,2-diaminobenzene (C20H14Br2N2 O-2) has been investigated by X-ray analysis and AM1 semi-empirical quantum mechanical method. Thc crystal is in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 18.805(3), b = 25,394(4), c = 7.549(2) Angstrom, V = 3604.9(1) Angstrom (3), Z = 8, D-c = 1.747 g cm(-3) and mu (MoKalpha) = 4.515 mm(-1). The title structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.0477 for 1262 reflections [l > 2 sigma (1)]. The title compound is photochromic and the molecule is not planar. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds occur between O(1) and N(1) (2.605(7) Angstrom) and between O(2) and N(2) (2.601(8) Angstrom) atoms, the hydrogen atom essentially being bonded to the oxygen atom. Minimum energy conformations from AM 1 were calculated as a function of two torsion angles theta (1) (C8-N1-C7-C6) and theta (2) (C15-C14-N2-C13), varied every 5 degrees. The optimized geometry of the crystal structure corresponding to the non-planar conformation is the most stable conformation in all calculations. The results strongly indicate that the minimum energy conformation is primarily determined by nonbonded hydrogen-hydrogen repulsions between the ortho-hydrogens on the aldehyde rings. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

N,N?-bis(5-chlorosalicylidene)-1,3-diaminopropane]nickel(II)

[N,N?-Bis(5-chlorosalicylidene)-1,3-diaminopropane]nickel(II) [Ni(C17H14N2O2Cl2)] 1 and [N,N?-Bis(5-chlorosalicylidene)-1,3-diaminopropane]nickel(II) dihydrate [Ni(C17H14 N2O2Cl2).2(H2O)] 2 were synthesized, and their crystal structures were determined. Compound 1 is monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 21.063(4), b = 8.151(1), c = 9.421(2) Å, ? = 94.16(1)°, V = 1613.2(5) Å3, Z = 4 and Dc = 1.680 g cm-3. Compound 1 contains a crystallographic twofold axis, and the whole molecule is not planar. The two Schiff base moieties, which in themselves are planar, are twisted with respect to one another. The least-squares planes through each half of the molecule are inclined at an angle of 29.1(1)°. The Ni atom is in a square-planar environment. The Ni - N and Ni - O distances are 1.958(2) and 1.910(2) Å, respectively. Compound 2 is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with a = 7.892(1), b = 23.396(2), c = 9.992(1) Å, V = 1846.3(3) Å3, Z = 4 and Dc = 1.597 g cm-3. Compound 2 has crystallographic mirror symmetry, and again, the whole molecule is not planar. The two planar Schiff base moieties inclined at an angle of 38.7(1)°. The Ni atom is in a distorted octahedral geometry and coordinated by the donor atoms of the ligand in the horizontal plane, and the coordination sphere is completed by O atoms of two water molecules

N-(p-chlorophenyl)-3,3-diphenyl-4-(beta-phenylstyryl)azetidin-2-one

kabak, mehmet/0000-0001-6097-9394WOS: 000087105800069In the title compound, C35H26ClNO, the four-membered beta-lactam ring is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.012 (1) Angstrom for the N atom. The C-C bond lengths in the beta-lactam ring are 1.591 (2) and 1.549 (2) Angstrom. The two phenyl rings attached to the beta-lactam ring are nearly perpendicular to each other [83.2 (1)degrees]

3,3-Dichloro-1-(p-chlorophenyl)4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone

kabak, mehmet/0000-0001-6097-9394WOS: 000085284600071The crystal structure of the title compound, C16H12Cl3NO2, has a nearly planar beta-lactam ring with the N atom out of the best plane by 0.032(2) Angstrom. The C-C bond distances in the beta-lactam ring are 1.544(4) and 1.568(4) Angstrom. The chlorophenyl and methoxyphenyl rings are nearly perpendicular to one another [81.92(7)degrees]

3,3-dichloro-1,4-diphenylazetidin-2-one

kabak, mehmet/0000-0001-6097-9394WOS: 000082969100053In the crystal structure of the title compound, C15H11C12NO, the Cl-C-Cl plane is nearly perpendicular to the four-membered beta-lactam ring [89.0 (2)degrees] and the C-C bond distances in this group are 1.571 (6) and 1.543 (7) Angstrom. The most out-of-plane atom from the best plane of the lactam ring is the carbonyl C atom [-0.029 (5) Angstrom]. The dihedral angle between the best planes of the phenyl rings is 77.4 (2)degrees