Friends And Allies: The Tonkawa Indians And The Anglo-Americans, 1823-1884

Historical models of Indian-white contact on the frontier emphasize conflict and hostility, yet historians are not unaware that whites and Indians interacted in many different ways in different regions and time periods. Even in cases of Indian-white conflict, it was not at all uncommon to find Indians fighting beside the whites against other Indians, often greatly enhancing the capabilities of the white forces. Some tribes were notable for their long-standing alliance with whites against other Indian tribes; examples include the Catawbas of South Carolina, the Pawnees of Nebraska, the Wyoming Shoshonis led by Chief Washakie, and the Crows of Montana. A particularly striking example is the Tonkawa tribe of Texas, whose military cooperation with the Anglo-Americans, though intermittent, covered more than half a century. For the Tonkawas it was a period of repeated disasters and inexorable decline, during which they were forced into increasing dependence on the whites for survival. For the military forces of Texas and the United States, the Tonkawas\u27 assistance meant a sometimes decisive improvement in their ability to cope with the Comanches and other tribes of the southern plains. The reason for the Tonkawas\u27 peculiar relation to the whites lay in their status in relation to other tribes in the region. According to eighteenth-century Spanish officials they were disliked and even abhorred by other Indians, although they were sometimes included in alliances of convenience. In the nineteenth century Captain Randolph Marcy described them as renegades and aliens from all social intercourse with the other tribes. Captain John Ford of the Texas Rangers noted that they were the black beasts of the Brazos River Reservation in the 1850s, blamed by the other tribes located there for causing, through sorcery, various unfortunate occurrences. Even in the twentieth century older members of various southern plains tribes described them as witches.1 Why was this small, nomadic hunting tribe in such bad repute with its neighbors? The obvious and often-cited reason was their known cannibalism. There are enough accounts from eyewitnesses to confirm beyond reasonable doubt that the Tonkawas did, on occasion, have ceremonies in which they ate portions of their dead enemies, undoubtedly for religious purposes. For this reason, members of various tribes asserted, they killed Tonkawas when the opportunity offered, especially if they believed one of their kinsmen had recently been devoured by the abhorred tribe. Every man\u27s hand was against them, and their hand was against every man.2 Yet there may have been an element of hypocrisy and rationalization in this attitude. The Comanches evidently found the Tonkawas\u27 habits tolerable when the two tribes were allies against the Apaches in the 1700s. The Comanches and other tribes of Texas were accused of similar practices, though the evidence is not clear. It seems fairly certain that the Karankawas of the Gulf Coast, believed to be linguistically related to the Tonkawas, also ate human flesh. Perhaps the Tonkawas were particularly blatant and enthusiastic in their anthropology, and perhaps they clung to it in a period when other tribes were giving it up. Some historians suggest that the special hatred for the Tonkawas arose from their assistance to the whites, rather than vice versa, yet the attitude apparently existed in the eighteenth century when the Tonkawas were by no means on friendly terms with the Spanish. In any case, once they were established as pariahs and scapegoats, the common attitude apparently supplied its own confirmation: persecution no doubt prompted responses that in turn seemed sufficient justification for further persecution.

Review of Sagebrush Soldier: Private William Earl Smith\u27s View of the Sioux War of 1876.

It is only in recent decades that the Trans-Mississippi Indian wars have become the subject of considerable scholarly as well as popular investigation and writing. It is even more recently that such study has gone beyond indignation at the fate of the Indians themselves. Sherry L. Smith\u27s book is an attempt to understand both sides, and in particular those generally unheard participants, the enlisted men of the regular army. William Earl Smith was the author\u27s great-grandfather, and a major part of the book is his journal of the campaign of General George Crook against the Sioux and Northern Cheyennes in the fall of 1876, culminating in the battle on the Red Fork of the Powder River

Survey of Ground Transportation Patterns at the Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport. Part I, Description of Study

See this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog: https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/Presto/catalogid=5740This report describes a survey of ground transportation at the Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport conducted to obtain data for calibrating models of airport trip generation, and also models of route and mode choice to the airport. Due to the special nature of the data required for this purpose, significant modifications had to be made to the usual procedures of conducting airport-specific access surveys described in previous studies. A separate survey was made of each of the three principal components of ground traffic at the airport: (1) air passengers and visitors riding in automobiles; (2) air passengers and visitors riding on public transportation (Surtran); and (3) airport employees. In addition. counts of passengers and vehicles were obtained for use in determining and expanding the sample. Detailed descriptions of the instruments and procedures used in each type of survey are contained in the report. This report, Part I, describes the methodology and performance of the physical travel survey itself. A preliminary analysis of results is provided in a companion report, Part II, which is forthcoming.Department of Transportation Office of University Research (Washington D.C.)Center for Transportation ResearchSee this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog

SURVEY OF GROUND TRANSPORTATION PATTERNS AT THE DALLAS/FORT WORTH REGIONAL AIRPORT. PART II, ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL

See this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog: https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/Presto/catalogid=5750The report presents new conceptual and methodological approaches to developing models to interrelate airline schedules, airport-based employee work-shift schedules, and airport access ground traffic volumes in any time period for a given report. The results of a survey of ground travel at the Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport are presented and analyzed. Specific ground transportation impacts of the installation of this relatively new airport are assessed. Models are described which (1) express volumes of automobiles carrying airline passengers and visitors as a function of airline schedules and (2) transform existing or future employee work-shift schedules into estimates of incoming and outgoing employee vehicle volumes in any time interval. Preliminary research toward the development of a model to estimate public transit passenger volumes as a function of airline passenger volumes is also described.Department of Transportation Office of University Research (Washington D.C.)Center for Transportation ResearchSee this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog

The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition /

"Sponsored by the Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska--Lincoln, and the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia"--Vol. 1, t.p.Vol. 2-<5 > has title: The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition.Vol. 2-<5 >: Gary E. Moulton, editor; Thomas W. Dunlay, assistant editor.Includes bibliographies and indexes.v. 1. Atlas of the Lewis & Clark Expedition -- v. 2. August 30, 1803-August 24, 1804 -- v. 3. August 25, 1804-April 6, 1805 -- v. 4. April 7-July 27, 1805 -- v. 5. July 28-November 1,1805.Mode of access: Internet