Plant RNases T2, but not Dicer-like proteins, are major players of tRNA-derived fragments biogenesis

RNA fragments deriving from tRNAs (tRFs) exist in all branches of life and the repertoire of their biological functions regularly increases. Paradoxically, their biogenesis remains unclear. The human RNase A, Angiogenin, and the yeast RNase T2, Rny1p, generate long tRFs after cleavage in the anticodon region. The production of short tRFs after cleavage in the D or T regions is still enigmatic. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis Dicer-like proteins, DCL1-4, do not play a major role in the production of tRFs. Rather, we demonstrate that the Arabidopsis RNases T2, called RNS, are key players of both long and short tRFs biogenesis. Arabidopsis RNS show specific expression profiles. In particular, RNS1 and RNS3 are mainly found in the outer tissues of senescing seeds where they are the main endoribonucleases responsible of tRNA cleavage activity for tRFs production. In plants grown under phosphate starvation conditions, the induction of RNS1 is correlated with the accumulation of specific tRFs. Beyond plants, we also provide evidence that short tRFs can be produced by the yeast Rny1p and that, in vitro, human RNase T2 is also able to generate long and short tRFs. Our data suggest an evolutionary conserved feature of these enzymes in eukaryotes

The nuclear and organellar tRNA-derived RNA fragment population in Arabidopsis thaliana is highly dynamic

In the expanding repertoire of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) have been identified in all domains of life. Their existence in plants has been already proven but no detailed analysis has been performed. Here, short tRFs of 19-26 nucleotides were retrieved from Arabidopsis thaliana small RNA libraries obtained from various tissues, plants submitted to abiotic stress or fractions immunoprecipitated with ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1). Large differences in the tRF populations of each extract were observed. Depending on the tRNA, either tRF-5D (due to a cleavage in the D region) or tRF-3T (via a cleavage in the T region) were found and hot spots of tRNA cleavages have been identified. Interestingly, up to 25% of the tRFs originate from plastid tRNAs and we provide evidence that mitochondrial tRNAs can also be a source of tRFs. Very specific tRF-5D deriving not only from nucleus-encoded but also from plastid-encoded tRNAs are strongly enriched in AGO1 immunoprecipitates. We demonstrate that the organellar tRFs are not found within chloroplasts or mitochondria but rather accumulate outside the organelles. These observations suggest that some organellar tRFs could play regulatory functions within the plant cell and may be part of a signaling pathway.Cognat, Valerie Morelle, Geoffrey Megel, Cyrille Lalande, Stephanie Molinier, Jean Vincent, Timothee Small, Ian Duchene, Anne-Marie Marechal-Drouard, Laurence eng England 2016/12/03 06:00 Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Apr 7;45(6):3460-3472. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw1122.PMC538970

De la marge Ouest du craton du Yangtze à la bordure Est du plateau Tibétain (évolution géodynamique à partir de l'étude structurale, pétrologique, géochimique et géochronologique de roches magmatiques et métamorphiques)

La géométrie actuelle de l'est du plateau Tibétain, constitué par le Songpan Ganze et les Longmen Shan, est probablement dictée par une différence de rhéologie entre le craton du Yangtze à l'est, et le Songpan Ganze à l'ouest, qui vient buter contre la marge du craton en réponse à la collision Inde-Asie. L'histoire géodynamique de la région a été reconstituée depuis le Néoprotérozoïque, afin d'évaluer l'influence des différents cycles orogéniques sur la structure thermique, minéralogique et chimique actuelle. L'étude des massifs cristallins bordant le craton du Yangtze et de l'ophiolite de San Dao Qiao a montré que durant le Néoprotérozoïque, le craton était bordé par une marge active, avec ouverture de bassins marginaux sous l'influence de panaches mantelliques. L'étude pétrologique et structurale du complexe métamorphique de Danba permet de déterminer que lors de l'orogénèse Indosinienne (200-180Ma), l'exhumation des niveaux structuraux profonds se produit par extrusion le long d'un grand chevauchement ductile. La position des granites du Songpan Ganze par rapport aux sutures au sein du plateau Tibétain permet de proposer un double retrait de slab sous le Songpan Ganze à la fin de l'orogénèse Indosinienne qui explique la diversité des granitoïdes. Ce double retrait de slab et la différence de réponse à la contrainte entre le Songpan Ganze et le craton du Yangtze a conduit à un déchirement de slab. La délamination complète de la partie mantellique de la lithosphère du Songpan Ganze à la fin de l'orogénèse Indosinienne peut expliquer l'accolement d'une lithosphère à croûte épaisse et manteau fin contre une lithosphère cratonisée à la bordure est du plateau TibétainThe present geometry of the Eastern Tibetan plateau, made of the Songpan Ganze terrane and the Longmen Shan range, is probably due to a rheological contrast between the Yangtze craton to the East, and the Songpan Ganze, which bump into the craton margin in response to the India-Asia collision. We reconstituted the geodynamic evolution of the area from Neoproterozoic times to present to evaluate how the different orogenic cycles influence the thermal, mineralogical and chemical structures observed today. Studies of the crystalline massifs of the western margin of the Yangtze craton and of the San Dao Qiao ophiolite show that during the Neoproterozoïc times, the craton margin was a subduction zone with opening of marginal basin due to mantle plumes. Petrologic and structural studies of the Danba metamorphic complex allow determining that during the Indosinian orogeny (200-180 Ma), exhumation mechanism of the deep structural level of the complex is an extrusion along a ductile thrust. Plutons position relative to sutures zones in the Tibetan plateau lead to a model of double slab roll-back under the Songpan Ganze at the end of the Indosinian orogeny which explain the diversity of the granites. The double slab roll-back and the difference in deformation between the Songpan Ganze and the Yangtze craton lead to a slab tear along the craton margin. The complete delamination of the lithospheric mantle under the Songpan Ganze terrane can explain the present juxtaposition of a thick crust and thin mantle lithosphere against a cratonized one.NANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Mobilisation des REE et de l'Hf par les fluides lors du métamorphisme HP-BT (Influence sur les datations Sm-Nd et Lu-Hf)

La mobilisation des REE et de l Hf par un fluide aqueux durant les processus métamorphiques HP-BT peut entraîner des perturbations dans la signature des protolithes et/ou dans les datations obtenues par les systèmes isotopiques Sm-Nd et Lu-Hf. L étude couplée de la transition éclogite - amphibolite de la localité de Vårdalsneset (WGR, Norvège) et des coefficients de partage des REE et de l Hf entre un fluide aqueux à NaCl ou à CO2 et le grenat pyrope (P = 3 GPa, T = 800C) déterminés expérimentalement conduit à deux résultats majeurs. Tout d abord, une différence d échelle de mobilité entre les REE (mobiles à l échelle décimétrique) et l Hf (mobile à l échelle du grain) est démontrée. Les signatures des protolithes restent cependant identifiables et les âges modèles Sm-Nd et Lu-Hf des métabasites ne sont pas perturbés, arguant d une mobilité restreinte des REE. Ensuite; cette étude montre l influence du CO2 dissous dans le fluide aqueux sur le partage fluide-roche des HREE. L'étude expérimentale indique que les HREE sont incompatibles dans le pyrope en présence d'un fluide à CO2. Ces résultats permettent d expliquer l appauvrissement en HREE sous l'effet de fluides à H2O-CO2 ou à CO2 des métabasites de Vårdalsneset.REE and Hf mobility in aqueous fluids during HP-BT metamorphism can disturb magmatic signatures of protoliths and Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf dating. This study performed on both natural samples from Vårdalsneset (WGR, Norway) and experimental estimates of REE and Hf partition coefficients between aqueous fluid with NaCl or CO2 and pyrope (P = 3 GPa, T = 800C) highlights two main results. Firstly, REE can be mobilized at the sample scale (tens of centimetres) whereas Hf is only mobilized at the grain scale. Magmatic signatures of protoliths are nevertheless recognizable and Nd and Hf model ages are not disturbed, that suggests slight mobility of REE. Secondly, an aqueous fluid with CO2 induces an incompatible behaviour of HREE in pyrope, which can explain the depletion in HREE of the metabasites of Vårdalsneset in presence of a H2O-CO2 or CO2 fluid.NANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Gneiss domes of the Danba Metamorphic Complex, Songpan Ganze, eastern Tibet

International audienceIn this paper we address the formation and exhumation of the Danba Metamorphic Complex (DMC) that represents the deepest structural level of the Songpan Ganze terrane situated along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. The DMC comprises a variety of gneiss domes and offers a unique opportunity to decipher their development during orogenic evolution. For that purpose, PTtD paths of metamorphic rocks sampled at different structural levels have been reconstructed. The DMC is composed of Triassic metaturbidites of the Xikang group, Paleozoic metasedimentary cover and basement of the Yangtze craton. The DMC is structurally marked by transposition of the upright S1 foliation of the Triassic metaturbidites into a NW-SE trending S2 composite foliation dipping to the NE. Transposition is associated with a localized top-to-the-northeast shear zone along the northeastern edge of the DMC and with pervasive top-to-the-southwest shearing from the core to the border of the complex. These structures are consistent with extrusion of the core of the DMC relative to the lower grade Triassic metaturbidites. The position of the biotite isograd overlapping the structural boundary of the DMC suggests that the Triassic metaturbidites have been affected by an increase in temperature as a result of extrusion. Within the DMC, the position of the metamorphic index minerals relative to the composite S2 foliation reveals that biotite, garnet, staurolite and kyanite grew before the transposition into S2, in contrast with sillimanite which crystallizes in the hinge of F2 folds and along the axial planar S2 schistosity. The sillimanite isograd delineates regional-scale overturned F2 folds and cross-cuts the staurolite and kyanite isograds consistent with an increase in temperature during D2. The melt-in isograd characterizes the deepest structural level of the DMC. PT conditions for these metamorphic rocks, determined using pseudosections and conventional thermometry, indicate a temperature increase from 400 °C to more than 600 °C from the edge to the core of the DMC for a relatively homogeneous pressure ranging from 5 to 6.5 kbar suggesting that isograds and isotherms represent the syn-D2 thermal structure of the orogenic crust. Migmatites exposed in the deepest structural level of the DMC yield a pressure significantly lower than the surrounding metamorphic rock suggesting that they crystallized after D2 and after some exhumation of their hosts. Three different types of gneiss domes are distinguished on the basis of their position relative to the isograds, their structural characteristics, and their position relative to the margin of the Yangtze craton. Close to the craton and at the highest structural level, the Gezong dome represents a basement-rooted tectonic slice, in an intermediate position, the Gongcai dome corresponds to a basement-cored nappe, and further away and at the deepest structural level, the Bawang, Cunuchan and Qingaling domes are migmatite-cored domes. The presence at the current-day surface of this variety of gneiss domes reflects the difference in burial of the margin during the Mesozoic Indosinian orogeny

On the origin of vesuvianite-rich rodingites from the Western Carpathians, Slovakia

International audienceRodingite represents a particular metasomatic rock type that occurs as dykes or lenses in association with serpentinized ultramafic rocks and typically consists of Ca-rich, often hydrated silicate minerals. Rodingites have been recognized as a source of information on fluid compositions and their circulation in both ocean floor and subduction environments. Yet, the nature of the protoliths, the chemistry and the origin of fluids, the details of fluid-rock interaction, and the metamorphic context remain often obscure. This work investigates some of these questions in the case of rodingites from the Western Carpathians through petrological, mineralogical and geochemical studies. Rodingites are here associated in the field with serpentinized tectonically dismembered bodies of ultramafic rocks embeded into Carboniferous metasediments. They mostly consist of vesuvianite, diopside, and hydrated garnet with minor titanite, chlorite, epidote, calcite and Fe-Ti oxides. Three successive hydrothermal events were recognized: 1) formation of diopside, vesuvianite and garnet, 2) formation of a second generation of vesuvianite and garnet together with titanite and minor chlorite, and 3) formation of a mineral assemblage consisting of epidote, chlorite and calcite. The first two events represent a pervasive and intense rodingitization process, whereas the third one represents late, channeled, fluid circulation under greenschist facies conditions. The presence of Fe-Ti oxides influences the mineralogy and the whole rock chemistry of the investigated rodingites. Rutile and ilmenite are commonly associated with titanite and garnet, and whole rock analyses can reach up to 9.2 wt.% TiO2. Vesuvianite and garnet also incorporate a significant amount of titanium. The lack of primary minerals, the mineral composition as well as high CaO and low SiO2 contents demonstrate high extent of Ca-metasomatism. The high modal amount of vesuvianite and the immobility of Al during metasomatic processes suggest that the protolith was relatively Al-rich. Taking into account the REE patterns of whole-rock and minerals, the high TiO2 content and the local Fe-Ti-rich accumulations, we suggest that the protoliths were more or less Fe-Ti-rich gabbroic rocks initially occurring in association with the serpentinized ultramafic body

A petrochronological study of Fe Ti oxides in rodingites of the Western Carpathians, Slovakia

International audienceRodingitization is the metasomatic transformation of mafic lithologies into rodingite, a Ca-rich and Si-poor rock associated with serpentinized ultramafic bodies. Serpentinization and rodingitization occur simultaneously but it remains challenging to obtain absolute ages on these events in order to identify the geodynamic setting of their formation. In this study, we investigate rodingites from an occurrence in the Western Carpathians with the aim to define the timing of rodingite formation during the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Carpathian Orogen. The rodingites consist mainly of vesuvianite, diopside, garnet and chlorite. They are noticeably characterized by the presence of Fe-Ti rich aggregates composed of ilmenite, rutile, titanite and calcite. Textural relationships and chemical compositions of the investigated Fe-Ti minerals document their hydrothermal-metamorphic origin. These minerals are characterized by considerable rare earth element (REE) concentrations with prevailing positive Eu anomaly, which presumably derives from the plagioclase-rich protolith of the investigated rodingites. Moreover, the similarity of REE patterns between the analysed phases suggests that the REE concentrations in Fe-Ti minerals are controlled by the immobility and availability of these elements in the system. A particular lamellae texture composed of rutile and calcite originated from titanite destabilization. The titanite destabilization was triggered by cooling, silica leaching and influx of CO2-rich fluids. In situ U-Pb dating of rutile, which have formed by retrograde breakdown of titanite during rodingitization, yields a crystallization age of 102.6 ± 19.9 Ma. This age is in good agreement with Cretaceous ages of the regional alpine metamorphic evolution reported in the literature and suggests that the rodingitization and serpentinization processes took place during the exhumation and cooling of the accretionary wedge resulting from the closure of the Meliata Ocean

First U-Pb LA-ICP-MS in situ dating of supergene copper mineralization: case study in the Chuquicamata mining district, Atacama Desert, Chile

Since the second half of the twentieth century, exotic copper mineralization represents a prime target for many mining exploration companies operating in the hyperarid Atacama Desert, in northern Chile. Although there is evidence that the emplacement of such deposits took place during specific Tertiary climatic periods and relief formation, many uncertainties remain regarding the exact timing for their deposition and/or the genetic link between the exotic deposits and the primary porphyry copper deposits. We present a first attempt of U-Pb dating of copper-rich minerals from the Mina Sur exotic deposit from the Chuquicamata mining district. A suite of Mn-rich black chrysocolla clasts surrounded by pseudomalachite bands has been characterized and dated in petrographic context using both nanosecond and femtosecond in situ laser ablation ICP-MS analyses. U-Pb dating on pseudomalachite bands yields a crystallization age of 18.4 +/- 1.0 Ma. For the Mn-rich chrysocolla clasts, the Pb-206/U-238 apparent ages range from 19.7 +/- 5.0 Ma to 6.1 +/- 0.3 Ma, a spread interpreted as the result of U and/or Pb mobility linked to fluid circulation following crystallization. This study demonstrates that supergene copper mineralization can be directly dated by the U-Th-Pb method on pseudomalachite. Furthermore, the age obtained on pseudomalachite indicates that Mina Sur copper deposition took place at ca. 19 Ma, about 11 m.y. after the unroofing and hydrothermal alteration of the Chuquicamata deposit, a result that is consistent with the supergene ages already known in the Atacama Desert

Structural inheritance in the Central Pyrenees: the Variscan to Alpine tectonometamorphic evolution of the Axial Zone

Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous materials data and a figure illustrating peak-fitting of the Raman spectrum of carbonaceous material and Raman spectra from the various samples of the Pallaresa cross-section

The nuclear and organellar tRNA-derived RNA fragment population in Arabidopsis thaliana is hygly dynamic

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