366 research outputs found
The inevitable youthfulness of known high-redshift radio galaxies
Radio galaxies can be seen out to very high redshifts, where in principle
they can serve as probes of the early evolution of the Universe. Here we show
that for any model of radio-galaxy evolution in which the luminosity decreases
with time after an initial rapid increase (that is, essentially all reasonable
models), all observable high-redshift radio-galaxies must be seen when the
lobes are less than 10^7 years old. This means that high-redshift radio
galaxies can be used as a high-time-resolution probe of evolution in the early
Universe. Moreover, this result helps to explain many observed trends of
radio-galaxy properties with redshift [(i) the `alignment effect' of optical
emission along radio-jet axes, (ii) the increased distortion in radio
structure, (iii) the decrease in physical sizes, (iv) the increase in radio
depolarisation, and (v) the increase in dust emission] without needing to
invoke explanations based on cosmology or strong evolution of the surrounding
intergalactic medium with cosmic time, thereby avoiding conflict with current
theories of structure formation.Comment: To appear in Nature. 4 pages, 2 colour figures available on request.
Also available at http://www-astro.physics.ox.ac.uk/~km
The influence of parents and the home environment on preschoolers' physical activity behaviours: A qualitative investigation of childcare providers' perspectives
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Physical activity offers numerous physiological and psychological benefits for young children; however, many preschool-aged children are not engaging in sufficient activity. The home environment, inclusive of parent role modeling, has been identified as influencing preschoolers' physical activity. This study sought to examine childcare providers' perspectives of the importance of parents and the home environment for supporting the physical activity behaviours of preschool-aged children (aged 2.5-5 years) attending childcare.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A heterogeneous sample of childcare providers (<it>n </it>= 84; response rate 39%) working at childcare facilities in London, Ontario participated. Thirteen semi-structured focus groups were conducted in London centres between February 2009 and February 2010. Focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim and inductive content analysis was used to code and classify themes. A number of strategies were used to verify the trustworthiness of the data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Childcare providers acknowledged their reliance on parents/guardians to create a home environment that complements the positive physical activity messaging children may receive in childcare. Moreover, childcare staff highlighted the need for positive parent role modeling and parent support to encourage active healthy lifestyles among young children.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study's findings highlight the need for increased parent-caregiver partnering in terms of communication and cooperation in service of promoting appropriate amounts of physical activity among London preschoolers.</p
The breadth of primary care: a systematic literature review of its core dimensions
Background: Even though there is general agreement that primary care is the linchpin of effective health care delivery, to date no efforts have been made to systematically review the scientific evidence supporting this supposition. The aim of this study was to examine the breadth of primary care by identifying its core dimensions and to assess the evidence for their interrelations and their relevance to outcomes at (primary) health system level.
Methods: A systematic review of the primary care literature was carried out, restricted to English language journals reporting original research or systematic reviews. Studies published between 2003 and July 2008 were searched in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, King's Fund Database, IDEAS Database, and EconLit.
Results: Eighty-five studies were identified. This review was able to provide insight in the complexity of primary care as a multidimensional system, by identifying ten core dimensions that constitute a primary care system. The structure of a primary care system consists of three dimensions: 1. governance; 2. economic conditions; and 3. workforce development. The primary care process is determined by four dimensions: 4. access; 5. continuity of care; 6. coordination of care; and 7. comprehensiveness of care. The outcome of a primary care system includes three dimensions: 8. quality of care; 9. efficiency care; and 10. equity in health. There is a considerable evidence base showing that primary care contributes through its dimensions to overall health system performance and health.
Conclusions: A primary care system can be defined and approached as a multidimensional system contributing to overall health system performance and health
Racial difference in Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP) correlates to triglyceride in non-obese and obese African American and Caucasian women
© 2009 Scantlebury-Manning et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens
A combined analysis technique for the search for fast magnetic monopoles with the MACRO detector
We describe a search method for fast moving ()
magnetic monopoles using simultaneously the scintillator, streamer tube and
track-etch subdetectors of the MACRO apparatus. The first two subdetectors are
used primarily for the identification of candidates while the track-etch one is
used as the final tool for their rejection or confirmation. Using this
technique, a first sample of more than two years of data has been analyzed
without any evidence of a magnetic monopole. We set a 90% CL upper limit to the
local monopole flux of in the
velocity range and for nucleon decay
catalysis cross section smaller than .Comment: 29 pages (12 figures). Accepted by Astroparticle Physic
Final results of magnetic monopole searches with the MACRO experiment
We present the final results obtained by the MACRO experiment in the search
for GUT magnetic monopoles in the penetrating cosmic radiation, for the range
. Several searches with all the MACRO sub-detectors
(i.e. scintillation counters, limited streamer tubes and nuclear track
detectors) were performed, both in stand alone and combined ways. No candidates
were detected and a 90% Confidence Level (C.L.) upper limit to the local
magnetic monopole flux was set at the level of cm
s sr. This result is the first experimental limit obtained in
direct searches which is well below the Parker bound in the whole range
in which GUT magnetic monopoles are expected.Comment: 12 pages, Latex, 9 figures and 2 Table
The Observation of Up-going Charged Particles Produced by High Energy Muons in Underground Detectors
An experimental study of the production of up-going charged particles in
inelastic interactions of down-going underground muons is reported, using data
obtained from the MACRO detector at the Gran Sasso Laboratory. In a sample of
12.2 10^6 single muons, corresponding to a detector livetime of 1.55 y, 243
events are observed having an up-going particle associated with a down-going
muon. These events are analysed to determine the range and emission angle
distributions of the up-going particle, corrected for detection and
reconstruction efficiency. Measurements of the muon neutrino flux by
underground detectors are often based on the observation of through-going and
stopping muons produced in interactions in the rock below the
detector. Up-going particles produced by an undetected down-going muon are a
potential background source in these measurements. The implications of this
background for neutrino studies using MACRO are discussed.Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures. Accepted by Astrop. Physic
Nuclearite search with the MACRO detector at Gran Sasso
In this paper we present the results of a search for nuclearites in the
penetrating cosmic radiation using the scintillator and track-etch subdetectors
of the MACRO apparatus. The analyses cover the beta =v/c range at the detector
depth (3700 hg/cm^2) 10^-5 < beta < 1; for beta = 2 x 10^-3 the flux limit is
2.7 x 10^-16 cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1 for an isotropic flux of nuclearites, and twice
this value for a flux of downgoing nuclearites.Comment: 16 pages, 4 Encapsulated Postscript figures, uses article.sty.
Submitted to The European Physical Journal
Atmospheric neutrino induced muons in the MACRO detector
A measurement of the flux of neutrino-induced muons using the MACRO detector
is presented. Different event topologies, corresponding to different neutrino
parent energies can be detected. The upward throughgoing muon sample is the
larger event sample. The observed upward-throughgoing muons are 26% fewer than
expected and the zenith angle distribution does not fit with the expected one.
Assuming neutrino oscillations, both measurements suggest maximum mixing and
Dm2 of a few times 10-3 eV2. The other samples are due to the internally
produced events and to upward-going stopping muons. These data show a regular
deficit of observed events in each angular bin, as expected assuming neutrino
oscillations with maximum mixing, in agreement with the analysis of the
upward-throughgoing muon sample.Comment: 7 pages 6 figures to appear in the proceedings of XVIII International
Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics (Neutrino'98), Takayama,
Japan 4-9 June, 199
New MACRO results on atmospheric neutrino oscillations
The final results of the MACRO experiment on atmospheric neutrino
oscillations are presented and discussed. The data concern different event
topologies with average neutrino energies of ~3 and ~50 GeV. Multiple Coulomb
Scattering of the high energy muons in absorbers was used to estimate the
neutrino energy of each event. The angular distributions, the L/E_nu
distribution, the particle ratios and the absolute fluxes all favour nu_mu -->
nu_tau oscillations with maximal mixing and Delta m^2 =0.0023 eV^2. A
discussion is made on the Monte Carlos used for the atmospheric neutrino flux.
Some results on neutrino astrophysics are also briefly discussed.Comment: Invited Paper at the NANP03 Int. Conf., Dubna, 200
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