A Model for the Development of the Rhizobial and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses in Legumes and Its Use to Understand the Roles of Ethylene in the Establishment of these two Symbioses

We propose a model depicting the development of nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhizae. Both processes are dissected into many steps, using Pisum sativum L. nodulation mutants as a guideline. For nodulation, we distinguish two main developmental programs, one epidermal and one cortical. Whereas Nod factors alone affect the cortical program, bacteria are required to trigger the epidermal events. We propose that the two programs of the rhizobial symbiosis evolved separately and that, over time, they came to function together. The distinction between these two programs does not exist for arbuscular mycorrhizae development despite events occurring in both root tissues. Mutations that affect both symbioses are restricted to the epidermal program. We propose here sites of action and potential roles for ethylene during the formation of the two symbioses with a specific hypothesis for nodule organogenesis. Assuming the epidermis does not make ethylene, the microsymbionts probably first encounter a regulatory level of ethylene at the epidermis–outermost cortical cell layer interface. Depending on the hormone concentrations there, infection will either progress or be blocked. In the former case, ethylene affects the cortex cytoskeleton, allowing reorganization that facilitates infection; in the latter case, ethylene acts on several enzymes that interfere with infection thread growth, causing it to abort. Throughout this review, the difficulty of generalizing the roles of ethylene is emphasized and numerous examples are given to demonstrate the diversity that exists in plants

back Evaluation of Different Weed Control Methods on Three Cultivars of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Sudan Gezira

Page(s): 6 (1), 1- 21, 12 Ref.A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons to study the effect of herbicide oxadiazon and hand weeding on growth and yield of three cultivars of Arachis hypogaea L. (Barberton, MH 383 and Florigiant) which differ in growth habit. Pod yield was greatly increased with the oxadiazon and hand weeding treatments which encouraged early flowering, increased flowering and development of higher leaf area index and increased number of pods and branches per plant. MH383, a semi-spreading Virginia type, was the highest yielding cultivar and maintained its better yield in the presence of weeds and with the partially effective weed control provided by oxadiazon. The superiority of MH383 was due to the rapid expansion of phenophase and thus suppression of weed growth. Monocotyledonous weeds were dominant over dicotyledonous ones, and B. eruciformis constituted about 66% of the monocotyledonous weeds. Brachiaria eruciformis, Rhynochosia memnonia, Ipomea cordofana and Sonchus cornutus were the most troublesome weeds as they emerged simultaneously with the crop in high densities and continued to compete with it till harvest. The experiment indicated the importance of cultivars as a factor in the integrated weed control management in groundnut.Khartoum University Pres

Efeitos dos períodos de competição do mato na cultura do amendoim: II. Safra das águas Effects of weed competition periods on peanut: II. Wet season crop

O presente trabalho foi realizado na safra das águas de 1989, no Núcleo de Agronomia da Alta Paulista, em Adamantina (SP) para estudar o efeito de diferentes períodos de competição do mato no amendoim. Adotou-se o delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e 22 tratamentos. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação da presença e da ausência do mato a partir do início da cultura, com as seguintes épocas de remoção da flora infestante: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100 dias após a semeadura. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro linhas de amendoim, perfazendo 6 m² de área útil. As principais plantas daninhas encontradas na área experimental foram: Cyperus lanceolatus Poir, Commelina benghalensis L., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., Amaranthus viridis L., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Portulaca oleracea L., Digitaria horizontalis Willd. e Solanum americanum Mill. A convivência do mato diminuiu a produção de vagens, de grãos e a população do amendoim na colheita. Não se observou efeito do mato sobre o rendimento de grãos e sobre a matéria seca acumulada pela parte aérea do amendoim. Capinas aplicadas aos 13 e 67 dias após a semeadura, respectivamente para os sistemas sem e com mato a partir da semeadura, foram suficientes para a obtenção de produção de vagens de amendoim estatisticamente igual à obtida pela cultura mantida sem competição, durante todo o ciclo. Os componentes da produção do amendoim foram favorecidos com a aplicação do sistema sem mato, a partir do início da cultura.<br>The present research was carried out at the Núcleo de Agronomia da Alta Paulista, in Adamantina, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to study the effects of different periods of weed competition with peanut.The treatments were all possible combinations among the presence/absence of weeds (at the sowing time) and the following periods of weed removal: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 days, after sowing. Each experimental plot was set up with four peanut lines (6.0 m² of useful area). The main weed species occurring in the experimental area were: Cyperus lanceolatus Poir, Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., Commelina benghalensis L., Amaranthus viridis L., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Portulaca oleracea L., Digitaria horizontalis Willd and Solanum americanum Mill. The main effects of weed presence in the peanut crop was to decrease pod kernel yields and peanut population at harvest. No significant effects were observed on shelling percentages and peanut dry matter for any of the studied periods. Weeding control, carried out at 13 and 67 days after sowing, not taking into account initial weed presence was enough for obtaining peanut pod yield statistically similar to that observed when the peanut crop was maintained with no competition during all cycle. Pods and kernel yields and peanut population at harvest increased with weeding control at the sowing stage

EFEITOS DOS PERÍODOS DE COMPETIÇÃO DO MATO NA CULTURA DO AMENDOIM: I. SAFRA DA SECA DE 1988

O presente trabalho foi realizado em 1988, na Estação Experimental de Agronomia da Alta Paulista, em Adamantina, na safra da seca, para estudar o efeito de diferentes períodos de competição do mato no amendoim. Os tratamentos foram vinte, a saber: com e sem presença do mato em todo o ciclo da cultura e, os resultantes da combinação fatorial entre a presença e a ausência de mato no início da cultura e as épocas de remoção da flora infestante - 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100 dias após a semeadura. Cada parcela foi constituída de quatro linhas, com bordadura comum entre as unidades experimentais, perfazendo, com a área útil, 6,0 m2. As espécies da flora infestante que ocorreram com maior freqüência foram Cyperus lanceolatus Poir., Digitaria horizontallis Willd., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. e Portulaca oleracea L. A convivência do mato com o amendoim diminuiu a produção de vagens e de grãos e a biomassa seca da planta. Não se observou efeito do mato sobre o índice de colheita e o rendimento de grãos em nenhum dos períodos estudados. Uma capina aplicada oito dias ou aos 73 dias após a semeadura, respectivamente, para os tratamentos sem e com mato no início, foi suficiente para a produção de vagens de amendoim estatisticamente igual à obtida quando a cultura foi mantida sem competição durante todo o ciclo.<br>A field experiment was carried out at Adamantina, State of São Paulo, Brazil, to study different periods of weed competition with peanut. The treatments were 20: with and without weed presence through the crop cycle and those resulting from factorial combinations among presence and ausence of weed in the beginning of crop and the time of weed removal - 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 days after sowing. Each plot was constituted of four lines, with common border among experimental units, with useful area reading 6.0 m2. Weed species, occurring with higher frequencies were Cyperus lanceolatus Poir., Digitaria horizontallis Willd., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. and Portulaca oleracea L. The weed association with the peanut crop decreased pod and kernel yields and peanut dry matter. No weed effects were observed on harvest indexes and shelling percentages in any of the studied periods. A weeding operation done eight or 73 days after sowing, for treatments without and with weeds respectively, was sufficient for obtaining peanut pod yields statistically similar to those obtained when the peanut crop was maintained without competition during all cycle