Panax ginseng Modulates Cytokines in Bone Marrow Toxicity and Myelopoiesis: Ginsenoside Rg1 Partially Supports Myelopoiesis

In this study, we have demonstrated that Korean Panax ginseng (KG) significantly enhances myelopoiesis in vitro and reconstitutes bone marrow after 5-flurouracil-induced (5FU) myelosuppression in mice. KG promoted total white blood cell, lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts and improved body weight, spleen weight, and thymus weight. The number of CFU-GM in bone marrow cells of mice and serum levels of IL-3 and GM-CSF were significantly improved after KG treatment. KG induced significant c-Kit, SCF and IL-1 mRNA expression in spleen. Moreover, treatment with KG led to marked improvements in 5FU-induced histopathological changes in bone marrow and spleen, and partial suppression of thymus damage. The levels of IL-3 and GM-CSF in cultured bone marrow cells after 24 h stimulation with KG were considerably increased. The mechanism underlying promotion of myelopoiesis by KG was assessed by monitoring gene expression at two time-points of 4 and 8 h. Treatment with Rg1 (0.5, 1 and 1.5 µmol) specifically enhanced c-Kit, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression in cultured bone marrow cells. Our results collectively suggest that the anti-myelotoxicity activity and promotion of myelopoiesis by KG are mediated through cytokines. Moreover, the ginsenoside, Rg1, supports the role of KG in myelopoiesis to some extent

Analisis Strategi Perluasan Merek Men�s Biore

The objevtive of this research is to analyze the success of Men�s Biore brand extension into a new category. The new selected categories are shampoo, hair style or cologne. The determining variables are category similarity, brand reputation, perception of risk whether its choice or consequences and consumer innovativeness. The collected data was driven from 300 respondents spread through Jakarta and greater Jakarta. Data collection method was direct interview with respondent that has fulfilled the required criteria. The result shows that variable category similarity and brand reputation are the keys to creating a success brand extension. Whereas brand extention created based on category similarity and has good brand reputation is likely to succeed

HUBUNGAN ANTARA SUMBER INFORMASI KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI, PENGETAHUAN DAN KARAKTERISTIK SOSIAL DEMOGRAFI DENGAN PERILAKU SEKSUAL PRANIKAH REMAJA (Analisis SDKI Tahun 2007)

Problem on sexuality todays spreading among the adolescents is about premarital sex activities influencing many other social problems. The minimum understanding and reliable information on the adolescents reproductive health become the effect of the sexual activities endangerment. The information on reproductive health will help much more for the adolescents to understand the behavioral changes and on how to overcome. The information on reproductive healthiness obtained from the reliable source of information have made them getting into vulnerable condition and unhealthy reproduction. The existing culture of taboo among the community and inadequate school-based information as their environment will make them looking for the information source on sexuality with unreliable information resources. This research aims to see the correlation between the information source of reproductive health, the knowledge of reproductive health and the demographic social characteristics with their premarital sexual behavior in Indonesia. Respondents were taken from the 19,311 local unmarried people between 15-24 years old based on the SDKI 2007 data of questions special for adolescents. The SDKI 2007 was the national level survey held by the BPS (the statistical bureau) coordinating with the National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) and the Department of Health. Univariate analysis was held for describing each characteristic of variable investigated by using frequency distribution table. The bivariate analysis used chi-square (x2 The research result shows that the information source on the reproductive health activities explaining the premarital sexual activities transmitted by the adolescents is by their friends and familiy. Adolescent boys identifying friends as the information source have bigger opportunities to behave in the risky sexual activities. Similarly, in adolescents (male and female) who made the family as sources of information are most likely to have premarital sex. Reproductive health knowledge positively related to premarital sexual relationships, adolescents (male) who have an adequate understanding of the reproductive organs, HIV / AIDS, and STDs are most likely to risky sexual behavior. While in women, only STI knowledge that has a relationship with premarital sexual behavior, which is the better knowledge of the worse behavior. In addition, adolescents aged 20-24 years (male), adolescents who have boyfriends/girlfriends are more permissive toward premarital sex behavior. While the level of education (both men and women) shows higher levels of education the better the sexual behavior. ) test with the significant level p�0,05 while the test tool is used on the multivariate analysis such as binary logistic regression. Premarital sexual activities are determined as the dependent variable, while the independent variable are the source of information of reproductive health, the knowledge of reproductive health and the demographic social characteristic. While sex as control variable

ISLAM SYARIAH DAN ISLAM ADAT (KONSTRUKSI IDENTITAS KEAGAMAAN DAN PERUBAHAN SOSIAL DI KALANGAN KOMUNITAS MUSLIM HATUHAHA DI NEGERI PELAUW)

This dissertation studies an issue of religious identity construction and its effect on the social change within Hatuhaha moslem community (HMC) at negeri (village) Pelauw, Haruku Island District of Central Molucca Regency. This study is going to answer the questions on (1) How the HMC identity construction in negeri Pelauw occur in encountering with other groups which constitutes the momentum of Islam shaping in it? and (2) Why differences in Hatuhaha moslem religious practice distinguish their involvement in political, economy and cultural aspects and how the religion serves in affecting the social change among Hatuhaha moslem community in this village? Based on the a bove questions, this study is going to explain (1) the process of identity shaping in this community and ways they use to know the meaning of the religious identity in ethnic and religion plurality, and (2) the position of religion in anticipating the change and development undergone by HMC at negeri Pelauw. This study was conducted in negeri Pelauw, Haruku Island District, Central Malucca Regency, Malucca Province using the qualitative method with qualitative data from observational results on some selected ritual, religious practice and daily life as well as interviews with some information givers. Data were collected using participative observation, in-depth interview, and documentary studies. The subject consisted of both informant and key informants. Interview were conducted with 5 key informants from the shariah group, 5 key informants from custom group (adat group) and 4 key informants from transformational group. In addition, interview was also conducted in informal style with other informants in each category including male and female, elders, and the youth regardless social status or certain structure in the society. Considering that the above identity construction is theorized occur in ritual domain as its main arena, the author pays much attention on Hatuhaha moslem people in negeri Pelauw as analysis unit, beside religious practice and daily life. This study has found that (1) the religious identity construction is not freed from the influence of the economic, cultural and political interest. In the context of this area, the identity construction of Hatuhaha moslem community at negeri Pelauw is identity dynamic and multiple identity. (2) the social formation in Islam shaped in Central Malucca occur through combination between indigenization pattern presented by Djoko Suryo and dialogue pattern presented by Taufik Abdullah which is called by the author as contextualization pattern. (3) Difference in interpretation and religious practice between shariah group and adat group influences viewing pattern upon the local culture and economic, political orientation. (4) Religion is the important strength to determine change in Hatuhaha moslem community, although it is not the only factor. The society dynamic occurring in various historical events indicated that the existence of religion (Islam) has been a foundation for the development society and social change in Haruku Island, Central Malucca

PENGARUH MARMIN, SENYAWA AKTIF Aegle marmelos Correa TERHADAP OTOT POLOS TRAKEA MARMUT TERISOLASI

Marmin has a good chance as an anti-allergic agent. Marmin can be used to diminish allergy symptoms, including contraction of the airways. Pharmacodynamics effects of marmin on various receptors of airways have not been studied yet. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the activities of marmin as H1 and Ach-M3- receptor antagonists, and β2-adrenergic receptor agonists. In addition, the study also investigated marmin molecular mechanisms in inhibiting smooth muscle contraction through preventing elevated-levels of isolated guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle intracellular Ca2+. The study was performed using a guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle in Krebs buffer solution (isolated organ method). Histamine and metacholine were used as agonists for H1 and Ach-M3 receptors respectively. Isoproterenol, a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist was also used to induce tracheal smooth muscle relaxation in Krebs buffer solution. Membrane depolarization and stimulating activation of voltagedependent Ca2+-channels were induced by KCl. The result showed that marmin (10 and 100 μM) has a reversible competitive antagonist to H1 receptor with pA2 value of 2.302. In contrast, marmin provides a reversible non-competitive antagonist on Ach-M3 receptors. Marmin did not affect isoproterenol-induced β2-adrenergic receptor. Furthermore, marmin inhibited extracellular Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from a calcium-store. Additionally, marmin inhibited intracellular Ca2+ elevation and decreased the ability of metacholine-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction