2,346 research outputs found
Male-to-Female Sexual Violence in Rural Communities: A Sociological Review
The extant sociological literature on male-to-female violence in rural communities reveals that the bulk of the empirical work on this problem focuses mainly on non-lethal physical assaults, such as beatings. Much more research on sexual violence is sorely needed. The main objective of this review is twofold: (1) to describe the current state of international sociological knowledge about male sexual violence against adult women and (2) to suggest new directions in research and theory
Ausstiegsabsichten und tatsĂ€chliche AusstiegsgrĂŒnde von Biobauern und BiobĂ€uerinnen in Ăsterreich - Analyse von Befragungsergebnissen
Austria established an environmental program (ĂPUL) for agriculture in 1995, including direct payments for organic farming. To participate in this measure farmers have to commit themselves to a five year period. In 1999 a survey was conducted to find out, to which extent organic farmers intended to drop out of the measure organic farming and to collect information about their reasons for this intention. In 2002 a new survey was carried out to compare the intentions with the actual developments. In 2004 additional information was collected through telephone interviews. The aim of this study was a) to compare the intended with the actual behaviour, b) to compare the ex ante and ex post expressed reasons for leaving the measure organic farming and c) to find out the arguments of these farmers who chose to continue farming organically
Training the Tutus of the future
LSE Chaplain, the Revd Dr James Walters outlines the challenges in training a clergy fit for purpose in todayâs South Africa
The Academic Leader\u27s Balancing Act: Managing Time, Stress, and Transitions
Dr. Gmelch will explore the many tradeoffs in academic leadership, personal vs. professional and academic vs. administrative. Attendees will focus on distinguishing between high-payoffs (HIPOS) and low-payoffs (LOPOS) to increase focus and effectiveness, and learn to operate their âmanagement molecule.â Common stressers and how to cope with them will be covered while attendees explore effective strategies for departmental decision-making
Leading From the Middle: Managing Your Dean...and Others
Department chairs find themselves caught in the middle, swiveling between faculty and administration. Sometimes they donât know which way to turn â in essence, caught in the godlike role of Janus, a Roman god with two faces looking in two directions at the same time. While chairs donât have to worry about being deified, they must learn to swivel without appearing dizzy, schizophrenic or âtwo-faced.â They hold the most unique management position in the country â and the most important role in the university. Walter H. Gmelch has served as chair of three different departments and dean at three universities, both public and private. His unique perspective will show chairs that their success depends on their ability to manage the dean and mediate their personal and professional interests with others
Strategies for Dealing with Difficult Situations
The session will give ideas and strategies for handling difficult conversations with deans, fellow chairs, and faculty. Using case studies and role plays, the session will engage participants to address the following questions and challenges: How do I manage my dean? What are guidelines for handing complaints? What styles are most appropriate in handling difficult situations? How can chairs become more âprincipledâ in resolving differences? What are personal strategies for dealing with difficult colleagues
The Sacred Forest and the Mythical Python: Ecology, Conservation, and Sustainability in Kom, Cameroon, c. 1700-2000
Scholars have taken a keen interest in the social and cultural meanings of the African landscape in the reconstruction of the continentâs history (Giblin, 1992; Spear, 1997; Wagner, 1995). But how much did Africans know of their environmental past? This article explores the indigenous history of ecology, focusing on the medicinal forest (akâu mii-fii) and the mythical python (iigw-im) and their link with livelihood and sustainability in Kom, Cameroon. The paper argues that the Kom people have always been conserving their forests since the pre-colonial era. During the colonial period and especially in the 1930s many hectares of land including the sacred forest and the sites of the mythical python were carved out as forest reserves. The paper will demonstrate the extent to which colonial and post-colonial forms of conservation have ignored indigenous notions of forest conservation in Kom. It shows that Kom citizens have continued to protect their forest. Using archival sources and secondary material, along with oral interviews, this paper explores the environmental history of sustainable livelihood in Cameroon taking Kom society as a case study
Neue Materialien als Einstreu in Liegeboxen von MilchviehstÀllen
Sand, compost and recycled manure solids are used on some commercial farms as
bedding material in cubicles as an alternative to conventional straw mattresses or soft
rubber mats. The aim of the present studies was to evaluate these bedding materials
in dairy-cow cubicles in terms of process engineering, animal welfare, hygiene, work
economics and farm management. From an animal welfare and hygienic point of view,
these mentioned materials are recognized as safe. Where sand is used as bedding,
the working-time requirement for cubicle maintenance is comparable to that for soft
rubber mats; where compost and recycled manure solids are used, it is comparable to
that for straw mattresses. The material costs for sand are high, whilst those for compost
are low. Investment in a liquid manure separator is only worthwhile for relatively
large farms or for use in farming collectives
Kristallstrukturen von F420-abhÀngiger Alkohol-Dehydrogenase (Adf) und F420-abhÀngiger Methylentetrahydromethanopterin-Reduktase (Mer)
Coenzym F420 ist ein 5Ćœ-Deazaflavin-Derivat, das in methanogenen Archaea in hohen Konzentrationen vorkommt und fĂŒr die gelb-grĂŒne Fluoreszenz dieser Organismen verantwortlich ist. Es ist an Hydrid-Transferase Reaktionen im Energie- und Baustoffwechsel dieser Organismen beteiligt. Bisher wurden acht F420-abhĂ€ngige Oxidoreduktasen in methanogenen Archaea gefunden, die alle Si-Seiten-spezifisch bezĂŒglich des Hydrid-Transfers sind. Von den acht Enzymen zeigen zwei Sequenzverwandtschaft zur Enzymfamilie der bakteriellen Luciferase (LuxA). Es handelt sich hierbei um F420-abhĂ€ngige Alkohol-Dehydrogenase (Adf) und F420-abhĂ€ngige Methylentetrahydromethanopterin-Reduktase (Mer), die untereinander bis zu 26% sequenzverwandt sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden erstmals die Kristallstrukturen der Alkohol-Dehydrogenase Adf und der Reduktase Mer mit gebundenem Coenzym F420 ermittelt.
Die Struktur der F420-abhĂ€ngigen Alkohol-Dehydrogenase (Adf) aus Methanoculleus thermophilicus wurde mit einem gebundenen F420-Aceton Addukt bei einer Auflösung von 1,8 Ă
gelöst. Das Enzym liegt als Homodimer vor. Die Monomere besitzen eine (α/β)8-Faltung, bekannt als TIM-Barrel, und weisen eine nicht-Prolin-cis-Peptidbindung auf. Die TertiĂ€rstruktur weicht von der Grundstruktur des TIM-Barrels durch zusĂ€tzliche DomĂ€nen mit SekundĂ€rstrukturelementen ab, die als Insertions-Regionen bezeichnet werden. Insertions-Regionen bilden die Kontaktstelle fĂŒr die Dimerisierung und sind an der Substratbindung beteiligt. Coenzym F420 bindet in einer Bindetasche, welche 15 Ă
tief von der OberflĂ€che bis in das Zentrum des Enzyms hineinreicht. Schwache Wechselwirkungen von F420 zu Amid-N und Carbonyl-O Atomen der Proteinhauptkette tragen wesentlich zu seiner Bindung bei. Die in Proteinen selten zu beobachtende nicht-Prolin-cis-Peptidbindung dient der Fixierung des Deazaflavin-Rings an seiner Re-Seite. Diese energetisch instabile cis-Bindung wird durch benachbarte, intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen stabilisiert. Der als Isoalloxazin-Ring bezeichnete Deazaflavin-Ring liegt in einer `gebogenenĆœ Konformation vor und weicht um 27° von einer planaren Konformation ab. Der Aceton-Teil des gebundenen F420-Aceton Addukts bindet kovalent am C5 auf der Si-Seite des Deazaflavin-Rings. Mit dieser Hilfe war es möglich, 2-Propanol in das aktive Zentrum des Enzyms zu modellieren. Reste, welche an der Bindung von 2-Propanol und am Hydridtransfer beteiligt sind, wurden identifiziert und zudem wurde ein katalytischer Mechanismus postuliert.
Die Kristallstruktur von F420-abhĂ€ngiger Methylentetrahydromethanopterin-Reduktase (Mer) aus Methanosarcina barkeri wurde mit gebundenem Coenzym F420 bei einer Auflösung von 2,6 Ă
ermittelt. Das Enzym liegt als Homotetramer vor. Mer-Monomere haben eine (α/β)8-TertiĂ€rstruktur mit zusĂ€tzlichen Insertionsregionen. Innerhalb des aktiven Zentrums bindet F420 hauptsĂ€chlich ĂŒber schwache Wechselwirkungen zu Amid-N und Carbonyl-O Atomen der Protein Hauptkette. Ausnahmen sind an der Bindung beteiligte Seitenketten von His36 und Lys161. Die nicht-Prolin-cis-Peptidbindung, an identischer Position zu Adf, fixiert den Deazaflavin-Ring. Der Isoalloxazin-Ring weist in Reduktase Mer die aus Alkohol-Dehydrogenase Adf bekannte gebogene Konformation auf. Ein unbekanntes MolekĂŒl bindet kovalent am C5 des Coenzyms. Anhand von Mer-Strukturvergleichen konnte eine F420-bedingte KonformationsĂ€nderung in einer flexiblen DomĂ€ne einer Insertions-Region beobachtet werden. Zwischen zwei Insertionsregionen des TIM-Barrels bindet Polyethylenglykol, welches als PrĂ€zipitant im Kristallisationsansatz vorlag. Die unspezifische Bindung von Polyethylenglykol an einer potentiellen Substratbindestelle in Mer wird im abschlieĂenden Teil dieser Arbeit diskutiert.
Aufgrund der Struktur der F420-abhĂ€ngigen Alkohol-Dehydrogenase und der F420-abhĂ€ngigen Methylentetrahydromethanopterin-Reduktase in Abwesenheit und in Gegenwart von F420 wird ein Katalysemechanismus fĂŒr diese beiden Enzyme vorgeschlagen und F420 in das aktive Zentrum der strukturverwandten bakteriellen Luciferase modelliert. AbschlieĂend wird die in der LuxA-Familie konservierte F420-bzw. FMN-Bindestelle mit der in F420H2:NADP-Oxidoreduktase und 8-HDF-Photolyase verglichen, die weder untereinander noch mit der Luciferase-Familie Sequenzverwandtschaften zeigen.
Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit sind in zwei Orginalarbeiten beschrieben, die den Ergebnisteil der Dissertation bilden
Biogaserzeugung im viehlosen Betrieb: Effekte auf Stickstoffmanagement, ErtrÀge und QualitÀt
In organic farming systems without livestock some problems arise concerning the nitrogen management: On the one hand, there is a lack of transportable nitrogen fertilisers, on the other hand there is a potential for high losses with the usual management. The biological N2 fixation is decreased, when clover grass is mulched. If the biomass of intercrops and clover grass gets mineralised in autumn, it can be leached in winter.
In the trial referred to here, the impact of fermentation of biomass on some agricultural parameters like yield etc. are investigated within a crop-rotation of clover grass, potatoes, winter wheat, peas, winter wheat and summer wheat with undersown clover grass. Intercrops are sown after winter wheat and peas.
In the control variant the coupled products (clover grass, straw and intercrops) are left on the field as mulch. In the biogas system this material is harvested for digesting. The remaining products are used as fertilisers. There are liquid products which were used to fertilise the winter wheat and solid ones, which were used for fertilizing potatoes and summer wheat. This system allows a higher efficiency of the nitrogen management: The yield and the content of raw protein in winter wheat increased. The solid material did not mineralise as fast as necessary. It would be better to add this material to the intercrops
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