6,478 research outputs found
PERFECT SHUFFLE INTERCONNECTIONS USING FRESNEL COMPUTER-GENERATED HOLOGRAMS IN A PLANAR-OPTIC CONFIGURATION
COMPUTER-GENERATED HOLOGRAM ETCHED IN GAAS FOR OPTICAL INTERCONNECTION OF VLSI CIRCUITS
By integrating, on a wafer plane, GaAs semiconductor optoelectronic modulators and detectors with computer-generated holograms between then, the potential for in-plane interconnections is proposed. We report the fabrication and characterisation of a binary-phase relief hologram etched in a GaAs wafer using an averaged Fresnel zone plate design to focus light to 2 x 2 spots for array interconnection. Efficiencies of 28% for this design of binary CGH etched in GaAs have been achieved, close to the theoretical maximum
Lokalisation und Gen - Expressionsregulation der neutralen Endopeptidase in der humanen Prostata
Die neutrale Endopeptidase (NEP, EC 3.4.24.11;
weitere Synonyme: Neprilysin, CD 10, CALLA) ist ein Typ II -
integrales Membranenzym in SĂ€ugerzellen, die als Zink
enthaltende Endopeptidase die lokale Konzentrationen der
Peptidsubstrate und der dazugehörigen Peptid-vermittelten
SignalĂŒbertragungsprozesse steuern kann. Im Gegensatz zu den
anregendaten, die von NEP-AktivitÀt und -Regulation in den
Prostataepithelzellen handeln, nur einige Studien sind auf dem
zellularen Expression und der Lokalisation der NEP in den
Stromal- und Karzinom-zellen der Prostata vorhanden. Um zu
prĂŒfen, ob Unterschiede in der NEP-Verteilung in der normalen
und der pathologisch verÀnderten Prostata als auch in der
Prostatazellen bestehen, wurde die NEP-Lokalisation mit Hilfe
der indirekten Immunfluoreszenz - Methode an Prostatazellen und
Paraffinschnitten der humanen Prostata untersucht. In der
normalen adulten Prostata, wurde die NEP hauptsÀchlich an der
apikalen Plasmamembran detektiert. Im Stroma wurden die
Endothelzellen der Kapillaren und einige glatte Muskelzellen
schwach gefĂ€rbt. In hyperplastischen DrĂŒsen war die
ImmunreaktivitÀt der NEP in den adluminalen Zellen an der
apikalen Plasmamembran nachzuweisen. Im Stroma wurden auch die
Endothelzellen der Kapillaren und glatte Muskelzellen gefÀrbt.
Im Prostatakarzinom war meist eine generalisierte
ImmunreaktivitÀt der Zellen vorhanden und die NEP war nicht auf
die apikale Plasmamembran beschrÀnkt. Sie verteilte sich
vielmehr im gesamten Zytoplasma und ist damit offensichtlich
ein Indikator fĂŒr den PolaritĂ€ts- bzw. Differenzierungsverlust
in anaplastischen Prostata-karzinomzellen. Die LNCaP zeigten
eine intensive FĂ€rbung der Plasmamembran, das gesamte
Zytoplasma wurde schwÀcher gefÀrbt, wÀhrend die hPCPs nach
Inkubation mit dem Antikörper nur eine schwache Reaktion in
Zytoplasma aufwiesen. NEP-Genexpression wurde von RT-PCR
ĂŒberwacht, und NEP mRNA im menschlichen Prostatagewebe und in
Prostatazellen wurde mittels in-situ-RT-PCR ermittelt.
Prostatagewebe zeigte starke Signale im glandulÀren Epithel und
schwache Signale im Stroma, kultivierte Zellen zeigten starke
Signale in den Prostatakrebszellen (LNCaP) und schwache Signale
in den stromal Zellen an (hPCPs). Die NEP-Protein wurde mit
Hilfe der Westernblot-Analyse an Lysaten der epithelialen LNCaP
und der stromalen hPCPs nachgewiesen. Die Experimente
bestÀtigen den Expression von NEP nach beiden Zelle Arten,
jedoch zeigte das Experiment mit hPCPs Zellen zwei BĂ€nder. Um
zu untersuchen, ob Androgene und Neuropeptide in die Expression
der NEP in LNCaP- bzw. hPCPs-Zellen involviert sind, wurde die
Expression der NEP durch Northern-Blot-Analyse der Total-RNA
untersucht. Ohne Stimulation ist eine grundlegende
NEP-Expression in den LNCaP-Zellen detektierbar, Die Behandlung
mit DHT bzw. Bombesin fĂŒhrt zu einer 4-Fach-Erhöhung der
NEP-Expression. In den hPCPs-Zellen ist kaum eine
NEP-Expression detektierbar und die Expression ist unabhÀngig
von DHT- oder Bombesin-Stimulation. Die basale NEP-Expression
in den hPCPs-Zellen besitzt im Vergleich zu den LNCaP-Zellen
nur eine um ca. 30% Menge. Die Sequenzanalyse des NEP-Promotors
deckt zwei Androgenresponsionselemente einschlieĂlich ein
typisches ARE auf, welches Androgen-, Progesteron- und
Glukocorticoid-Receptoren bindet und ein einzigartiges ARR, das
nur Androgenreceptor bindet. Durch Deletionsanalyse und
Transfektionsexperiment der Promotorkonstrukte wurden mehre
cis-regulatorische Elemente am NEP-Typ II Promotor
identifiziert. Mit Deletionsanalyse und Transfektionsexperiment
der Promotorkonstrukte, DNase I Footprinting und Bandshift
wurden zwei an die proximale Promotorregion bindene Faktoren
identifiziert, ein Sp-Faktor an der GC-Box von -250 bis -262
bindet und ein NF-Y Faktor an der CCAAT-Box im Schutzbereich
-142 / -110 des Promotors bindet. Transfektion des
Reportergenkonstruktes mit durch Mutation standene Variation
der Verbindungsstelle, die in EMSAs die DNA-Bindung blockieren
kann, zeigte, daĂ NF-Y fĂŒr die basale AktivitĂ€t des Promotors
wichtig ist und daĂ der Sp-Faktor wichtig fĂŒr die
Androgen-Responsewirkung des Androgen-Responseelements
ist
CORRELATIONS OF POSTURAL CONTROL TO PROPRIOCEPTION, TACTILE SENSATION AND MUSCLE STRENGTH AMONG OLDER ADULTS
Background: Falls are one of the most important causes of physical injury and death in older adults. Postural control is associated with an elevated risk of falls in older adults. the purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between static/dynamic postural control ability and proprioception, plantar skin touch, and muscle strength in older adults.
Method: Partial correlation analysis was used to quantitatively analyze the correlation between plantar tactile sensitivity, proprioception, lower limb muscle strength and postural control, and regression analysis was used to build an effective model of human postural control.
Result: The postural control of the older adults is related to the plantar tactile sensitivity, proprioception, and lower limb muscle strength.
Conclusion: dynamic postural control mainly affected by lower limb muscle strength and proprioception, suggesting that trainings to improve the ankle plantarflexion, hip abduction muscle strength and knee and ankle proprioception should be recommended to older adults to improve dynamic postural control. Static postural control mainly affected by planter tactile sensitivity and proprioception suggesting that trainings to improve the proprioception and planter tactile sensitivity should be recommended to older adults to improve static postural control
THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL CULTURE ON BILATERAL TRADE IN VIETNAM
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or to what extent national culture influences bilateral trade flows between Vietnam and its trading partners. Using a panel dataset of 52 countries from 2001 till 2011 and six cultural dimensions of Hofstede, the regression analysis performed by gravity model shows that national culture and bilateral trade flows between Vietnam and trading partners are significantly correlated. This study's implications may help macro-policy makers devise better export promotion policies and boost the volume of bilateral trade between Vietnam and other countries around the world
Efficacy of Monetary Transmission Mechanism: Experiences in the SEACEN Countries
The main objective of the project is to analyse and assess the efficacy of the monetary transmission mechanism (MTM) in the SEACEN countries, in the light of financial liberalisation, globalisation and changing monetary and exchange rate regime in some SEACEN countries. It covers MTM and related issues such as recent changes in the objectives and targeting regime of monetary policy, empirical evidence of impact of monetary policy on prices and economic activities, recent changes in the exchange rate regime and capital mobility, and effectiveness of the various MTM based on the latest empirical findings of the respective countries.
Impact of IT Revolution on The Financial Structure of The SEACEN Countries: Challenges Facing Central Banks
This project aims to analyse the impact of IT revolution on the financial structure and the policy responses of central banks in the SEACEN countries. Since IT revolution in the SEACEN countries is still under way, it is not easy to predict the outcome of its impact at the present time, but IT is expected to substantially influence the financial markets and economy. There are several issues that the central banks in the SEACEN region needs to tackle with.
3D reconstruction of multiple stained histology images.
Three dimensional (3D) tissue reconstructions from the histology images with different stains allows the spatial alignment of structural and functional elements highlighted by different stains for quantitative study of many physiological and pathological phenomena. This has significant potential to improve the understanding of the growth patterns and the spatial arrangement of diseased cells, and enhance the study of biomechanical behavior of the tissue structures towards better treatments (e.g. tissue-engineering applications)
Microstructural damage of the posterior corpus callosum contributes to the clinical severity of neglect
One theory to account for neglect symptoms in patients with right focal damage invokes a release of inhibition of the right parietal cortex over the left parieto-frontal circuits, by disconnection mechanism. This theory is supported by transcranial magnetic stimulation studies showing the existence of asymmetric inhibitory interactions between the left and right posterior parietal cortex, with a right hemispheric advantage. These inhibitory mechanisms are mediated by direct transcallosal projections located in the posterior portions of the corpus callosum. The current study, using diffusion imaging and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), aims at assessing, in a data-driven fashion, the contribution of structural disconnection between hemispheres in determining the presence and severity of neglect. Eleven patients with right acute stroke and 11 healthy matched controls underwent MRI at 3T, including diffusion imaging, and T1-weighted volumes. TBSS was modified to account for the presence of the lesion and used to assess the presence and extension of changes in diffusion indices of microscopic white matter integrity in the left hemisphere of patients compared to controls, and to investigate, by correlation analysis, whether this damage might account for the presence and severity of patients' neglect, as assessed by the Behavioural Inattention Test (BIT). None of the patients had any macroscopic abnormality in the left hemisphere; however, 3 cases were discarded due to image artefacts in the MRI data. Conversely, TBSS analysis revealed widespread changes in diffusion indices in most of their left hemisphere tracts, with a predominant involvement of the corpus callosum and its projections on the parietal white matter. A region of association between patients' scores at BIT and brain FA values was found in the posterior part of the corpus callosum. This study strongly supports the hypothesis of a major role of structural disconnection between the right and left parietal cortex in determining 'neglect'
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