58,237 research outputs found
Z-graded weak modules and regularity
It is proved that if any Z-graded weak module for vertex operator algebra V
is completely reducible, then V is rational and C_2-cofinite. That is, V is
regular. This gives a natural characterization of regular vertex operator
algebras.Comment: 9 page
Why Individual Investors want Dividends
The question of why individual investors want dividends is investigated by submitting a questionnaire to a Dutch consumer panel.The respondents indicate that they want dividends, partly because the transaction costs of cashing in dividends are lower than the transaction costs involved in selling shares.The results are inconsistent with the uncertainty resolution theory of Gordon (1961, 1962) and the agency theories of Jensen (1986) and Easterbrook (1984).In contrast, a very strong confirmation is found for the signaling theories of Bhattacharya (1979) and Miller and Rock (1985).The behavioral finance theory of Shefrin and Statman (1984) is not confirmed for cash dividends but is confirmed for stock dividends.Finally, our results indicate that individual investors do not tend to consume a large part of their dividends.This raises some doubt on the effectiveness of the elimination of dividend taxes in order to stimulate the economy.dividends;investment;surveys;transaction costs;agency theory
Modular Invariance for Twisted Modules over a Vertex Operator Superalgebra
The purpose of this paper is to generalize Zhu's theorem about characters of
modules over a vertex operator algebra graded by integer conformal weights, to
the setting of a vertex operator superalgebra graded by rational conformal
weights. To recover SL_2(Z)-invariance of the characters it turns out to be
necessary to consider twisted modules alongside ordinary ones. It also turns
out to be necessary, in describing the space of conformal blocks in the
supersymmetric case, to include certain `odd traces' on modules alongside
traces and supertraces. We prove that the set of supertrace functions, thus
supplemented, spans a finite dimensional SL_2(Z)-invariant space. We close the
paper with several examples.Comment: 42 pages. Published versio
Quasiperiodic, periodic, and slowing-down states of coupled heteroclinic cycles
We investigate two coupled oscillators, each of which shows an attracting heteroclinic cycle in the absence of coupling. The two heteroclinic cycles are nonidentical. Weak coupling can lead to the elimination of the slowing-down state that asymptotically approaches the heteroclinic cycle for a single cycle, giving rise to either quasiperiodic motion with separate frequencies from the two cycles or periodic motion in which the two cycles are synchronized. The synchronization transition, which occurs via a Hopf bifurcation, is not induced by the commensurability of the two cycle frequencies but rather by the disappearance of the weaker frequency oscillation. For even larger coupling the motion changes via a resonant heteroclinic bifurcation to a slowing-down state corresponding to a single attracting heteroclinic orbit. Coexistence of multiple attractors can be found for some parameter regions. These results are of interest in ecological, sociological, neuronal, and other dynamical systems, which have the structure of coupled heteroclinic cycles
Logarithmic intertwining operators and vertex operators
This is the first in a series of papers where we study logarithmic
intertwining operators for various vertex subalgebras of Heisenberg vertex
operator algebras. In this paper we examine logarithmic intertwining operators
associated with rank one Heisenberg vertex operator algebra , of
central charge . We classify these operators in terms of {\em depth}
and provide explicit constructions in all cases. Furthermore, for we
focus on the vertex operator subalgebra L(1,0) of and obtain
logarithmic intertwining operators among indecomposable Virasoro algebra
modules. In particular, we construct explicitly a family of {\em hidden}
logarithmic intertwining operators, i.e., those that operate among two ordinary
and one genuine logarithmic L(1,0)-module.Comment: 32 pages. To appear in CM
Hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals with broad-range blue phases
We report a modular supramolecular approach for the investigation of chirality induction in hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals. An exceptionally broad blue phase with a temperature range of 25 °C was found, which enabled its structural investigation by solid state 19F-NMR studies and allowed us to report order parameters of the blue phase I for the first time
Structure of semisimple Hopf algebras of dimension
Let be prime numbers with , and an algebraically closed
field of characteristic 0. We show that semisimple Hopf algebras of dimension
can be constructed either from group algebras and their duals by means
of extensions, or from Radford biproduct R#kG, where is the group
algebra of group of order , is a semisimple Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf
algebra in of dimension . As an application,
the special case that the structure of semisimple Hopf algebras of dimension
is given.Comment: 11pages, to appear in Communications in Algebr
Periodicities in the occurrence of aurora as indicators of solar variability
A compilation of records of the aurora observed in China from the Time of the Legends (2000 - 3000 B.C.) to the mid-18th century has been used to infer the frequencies and strengths of solar activity prior to modern times. A merging of this analysis with auroral and solar activity patterns during the last 200 years provides basically continuous information about solar activity during the last 2000 years. The results show periodicities in solar activity that contain average components with a long period (approx. 412 years), three middle periods (approx. 38 years, approx. 77 years, and approx. 130 years), and the well known short period (approx. 11 years)
Entanglement changing power of two-qubit unitary operations
We consider a two-qubit unitary operation along with arbitrary local unitary
operations acts on a two-qubit pure state, whose entanglement is C_0. We give
the conditions that the final state can be maximally entangled and be
non-entangled. When the final state can not be maximally entangled, we give the
maximal entanglement C_max it can reach. When the final state can not be
non-entangled, we give the minimal entanglement C_min it can reach. We think
C_max and C_min represent the entanglement changing power of two-qubit unitary
operations. According to this power we define an order of gates.Comment: 11 page
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