Disponibilidade de nitrogênio para plantas de milho cultivadas em solo tratado com doses de lodo de esgoto.

O uso de lodo de esgoto como fertilizante orgânico é uma interessante opção de disposição deste resíduo sólido urbano. Uma das recomendações de cálculo de dose baseia-se na disponibilidade de nitrogênio presente no lodo de esgoto. Ainda existem dúvidas quanto a esta recomendação no que se referem a solos que foram tratados sucessivamente com este resíduo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a fitodisponibilidade de nitrogênio em solo tratado com lodo de esgoto desde 1999, por meio da avaliação do teor e quantidade absorvida de nitrogênio e produção de massa seca e produtividade de milho. Os tratamentos consistiram na adição de doses crescentes de lodo de esgoto: sem o resíduo, dose recomendada, duas e oito vezes a dose recomendada. A quantidade de nitrogênio (N) absorvida pelas plantas de milho superou a quantidade disponível estimada por meio de cálculo seguindo-se a Resolução 375. No entanto, incrementos na absorção de N e na produtividade da cultura foram observados até dose correspondente a cinco vezes a recomendada, o que significa que a mineralização do Nremanescente de aplicações anteriores não foi suficiente para garantir a produtividade máxima nas condições do estudo. Abstract: The use of sewage sludge as an organic fertilizer is an interesting option for disposal of this urban solid waste. One of the doses calculations is based on sewage sludge nitrogen availability. There are doubts about the suitability of this recommendation for soils treated consecutively with this residue. The objective of this study was to investigate nitrogen phytoavailability in soils treated consecutively with sewage sludge (since 1999) through the evaluation of nitrogen concentration and absorption by corn plants and dry matter and grain production. The treatments consisted on application of increasing doses of sewage sludge. Nitrogen quantity absorbed by maize plants overcame the available quantity estimated following Conama’s Resolution. However, increases on nitrogen absorption and maize productivity were observed until the addition of 5 times the recommended dose. Therefore, the mineralization of nitrogen reminiscent from previous applications was not sufficient to guarantee maximum productivity on the study conditions

Distribuição de elementos transponíveis em cromossomos de coffea arabica

Nos últimos anos o Brasil vem se destacando na pesquisa genética de cafeeiros, principalmente na área de melhoramento. Recentemente, a pesquisa em biotecnologia de cafeeiros vem ganhando espaço devido aos trabalhos em genômica, estes trabalhos juntamente com estudos citogenéticos têm contribuído muito para o entendimento da organização genômica em algumas espécies de Coffea. Neste gênero com mais de 100 espécies, as mais importantes economicamente são Coffea arabica e C. Canephora. A primeira espécie é a única e tetraplóide (2n = 44) do gênero, enquanto as demais são auto-incompatíveis e diplóides. Apesar das análises citogenéticas e moleculares indicarem que C. arabica é um anfidiplóide, ainda existe dificuldade para se confirmar os seus parentais. Isto se deve possivelmente a alta similaridade do genoma entre estas espécies de Coffea, uma possível consequência da presença de famílias repetitivas de DNA comuns a essas espécies. Porém, ainda são escassos os estudos sobre a distribuição e caracterização de famílias de DNA repetitivos em Coffea. Estes estudos limitam-se a identificar regiões heterocromáticas e localização de sítios de DNA ribossômico (DNAr) 45S e 5S. Com relação aos elementos transponíveis (TEs), foi encontrado um predomínio de retrotransposons Copia e Gypsy. Uma vez que a identificação e localização destes elementos transponíveis pode auxiliar a compreensão da organização genômica das espécies de Coffea, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a distribuição cromossômica em C. arabica de três elementos transponíveis. Para isso sondas de três clones contendo as sequências de elementos transponíveis, dois transposons MuDR e Tip100 (Ca_TE-009, Ca_TE-050) e um retrotransposon LTR deal (Ca_TE-079), foram hibridadas em Coffea arabica. Os resultados indicam uma distribuição co-localizada entre os transposons analisados e regiões terminais heterocromáticas, contudo o retroelemento possui uma distribuição mais dispersa. Estudos futuros serão feitos para identificar a distribuição destes elementos transponíveis nas espécies consideradas progenitoras de C. arabica

Using zeta-potential measurements to quantify peptide partition to lipid membranes

© The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com.Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.Many cellular phenomena occur on the biomembranes. There are plenty of molecules (natural or xenobiotics) that interact directly or partially with the cell membrane. Biomolecules, such as several peptides (e.g., antimicrobial peptides) and proteins, exert their effects at the cell membrane level. This feature makes necessary investigating their interactions with lipids to clarify their mechanisms of action and side effects necessary. The determination of molecular lipid/water partition constants (Kp) is frequently used to quantify the extension of the interaction. The determination of this parameter has been achieved by using different methodologies, such as UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and ζ-potential measurements. In this work, we derived and tested a mathematical model to determine the Kp from ζ-potential data. The values obtained with this method were compared with those obtained by fluorescence spectroscopy, which is a regular technique used to quantify the interaction of intrinsically fluorescent peptides with selected biomembrane model systems. Two antimicrobial peptides (BP100 and pepR) were evaluated by this new method. The results obtained by this new methodology show that ζ-potential is a powerful technique to quantify peptide/lipid interactions of a wide variety of charged molecules, overcoming some of the limitations inherent to other techniques, such as the need for fluorescent labeling.This work was partially supported by project PTDC/QUI/ 69937/2006 from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia-Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT-MCTES, Portugal), and by Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian (Portugal). JMF and MMD also thank FCT-MCTES for grants IMM/BT/37-2010 and SFRH/BD/41750/2007, respectively

Rifabutin encapsulated in liposomes exhibits increased therapeutic activity in a model of disseminated tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death amongst infectious diseases. The low permeation of antimycobacterial agents and their difficult access to infected macrophages necessitate long-term use of high drug doses. Liposomes preferentially accumulate in macrophages, increasing the efficacy of antibiotics against intracellular parasites. In the present work, several rifabutin (RFB) liposomal formulations were developed and characterised and their in vivo profile was compared with free RFB following intravenous administration. With the RFB liposomal formulations tested, higher concentrations of the antibiotic were achieved in liver, spleen and lungs 24h post administration compared with free RFB. The concentration of RFB in these organs was dependent on the rigidity of liposomal lipids. The liposomal RFB formulation prepared with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine:dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPC:DPPG) was the most effective and was selected for biological evaluation in a mouse model of disseminated TB. Compared with mice treated with free RFB, mice treated with the DPPC:DPPG RFB formulation exhibited lower bacterial loads in the spleen (5.53 log(10) vs. 5.18 log(10)) and liver (5.79 log(10) vs. 5.41 log(10)). In the lung, the level of pathology was lower in mice treated with encapsulated RFB. These results suggest that liposomal RFB is a promising approach for the treatment of extrapulmonary TB in human immunodeficiency virus co-infected patients.This work was supported by grants from FCT (POCTI/FCB/36416/99) and from the Health Services of FCG. Fellowships were granted by FCT (SFRH/BD/9624/2002- GABBA Program to A. Cruz and SFRH/BD/15911/2005 to A.G. Fraga

Fipronil effect on the frequency of anomalous brood in honeybee reared in vitro

Larvae of honeybee workers were exposed to the insecticide fipronil during the feeding phase. To evaluate the effect of fipronil in the post-embryonic development of africanized Apis mellifera, bioassays of toxicity were done. The bioassays were performed by acute exposure applying 1μL of distilled water for control (I) and for experiments: 0.5 ng a.i./μL of fipronil; 5 ng a.i./μL of fipronil and 20 ng a.i./ μL of fipronil. Triplicates were performed for all treatments. The results showed that the rate of anomalous pupae in exposed honeybees was statistically significant in relationship to the control (p <0:03). The most frequent abnormalities were: high pigmentation on the proximal and distal larval body and body malformation, such as absence of head and limbs. Pink eye pupa and white eyed pupae presented malformations in their larval bodies, but with the eye developed. It is assumed that the fat body is related to the high rate of anomalies, since this tissue has proteins linked to the process of metamorphosis. Furthermore, the fat body may be participating in the regulation of juvenile hormone during the process of metamorphosis, and consequently in the release of ecdysteroid hormones that are involved in the change from larva to adult. The high rate of abnormalities in the pupal stage of individuals exposed to fipronil raises concerns about the impacts caused in the colonies of bees and population decline of pollinators. Keywords: bees, larvae, pupae, metamorphosis, anomalies, fiproni