Will the Conscious–Subconscious Pacing Quagmire Help Elucidate the Mechanisms of Self-Paced Exercise? New Opportunities in Dual Process Theory and Process Tracing Methods

The extent to which athletic pacing decisions are made consciously or subconsciously is a prevailing issue. In this article we discuss why the one-dimensional conscious–subconscious debate that has reigned in the pacing literature has suppressed our understanding of the multidimensional processes that occur in pacing decisions. How do we make our decisions in real-life competitive situations? What information do we use and how do we respond to opponents? These are questions that need to be explored and better understood, using smartly designed experiments. The paper provides clarity about key conscious, preconscious, subconscious and unconscious concepts, terms that have previously been used in conflicting and confusing ways. The potential of dual process theory in articulating multidimensional aspects of intuitive and deliberative decision-making processes is discussed in the context of athletic pacing along with associated process-tracing research methods. In attempting to refine pacing models and improve training strategies and psychological skills for athletes, the dual-process framework could be used to gain a clearer understanding of (1) the situational conditions for which either intuitive or deliberative decisions are optimal; (2) how intuitive and deliberative decisions are biased by things such as perception, emotion and experience; and (3) the underlying cognitive mechanisms such as memory, attention allocation, problem solving and hypothetical thought

Towards indoor rowing assisted by electrical stimulation for persons with paraplegia

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause paraplegia, as well as develop health problems resulting from low physical activity. Although there are exercises for persons with paraplegia using only the upper limbs, they are known to deliver low benefits. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can activate paralyzed muscles, which makes it possible to exercise also lower limb muscles. FES-rowing has been shown to be a good hybrid activity, unifying upper limbs activity with FES-activated lower limbs. In this work we adapted an existing rowing machine to be used by athletes with SCI. It comprises trunk and legs stabilization, real-time FES control by the user and additional safety measures. The result is an accessible platform for individuals with paraplegia to perform high impact exercises