34 research outputs found
The Impact of Fillers on Lineup Performance
Filler siphoning theory posits that the presence of fillers (known innocents) in a lineup protects an innocent suspect
from being chosen by siphoning choices away from that innocent suspect. This mechanism has been proposed as
an explanation for why simultaneous lineups (viewing all lineup members at once) induces better performance than
showups (one-person identification procedures). We implemented filler siphoning in a computational model (WITNESS,
Clark, Applied Cognitive Psychology 17:629–654, 2003), and explored the impact of the number of fillers (lineup size)
and filler quality on simultaneous and sequential lineups (viewing lineups members in sequence), and compared
both to showups. In limited situations, we found that filler siphoning can produce a simultaneous lineup performance
advantage, but one that is insufficient in magnitude to explain empirical data. However, the magnitude of the empirical
simultaneous lineup advantage can be approximated once criterial variability is added to the model. But this modification
works by negatively impacting showups rather than promoting more filler siphoning. In sequential lineups, fillers were
found to harm performance. Filler siphoning fails to clarify the relationship between simultaneous lineups and sequential
lineups or showups. By incorporating constructs like filler siphoning and criterial variability into a computational model,
and trying to approximate empirical data, we can sort through explanations of eyewitness decision-making, a prerequisite
for policy recommendations.Charges for publication of this article sponsored by University of Oklahoma Libraries Open Access/Subvention Fund.Ye
Everybody needs a cheerleader to get a kidney transplant: a qualitative study of the patient barriers and facilitators to kidney transplantation in the Southeastern United States
Concentrations of potentially toxic elements and soil environmental quality evaluation of a typical Prosecco vineyard of the Veneto region (NE Italy)
Purpose The aim of this work was to assess the concentrations of potentially toxic elements and to evaluate the soil quality of a typical Prosecco Denomination of Controlled and Guaranteed Origin vineyard of the Veneto region, NE Italy. Materials and methods Soil samples and leaves of Taraxacum officinale and Vitis vinifera were collected during spring–summer 2014. Element determination (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, V, and Zn) were performed with ICP-OES after microwave digestion of samples. Soil quality was assessed via the biological soil quality (BSQ-ar) index. Lipid peroxidation test was performed to evaluate the vegetation oxidative stress, based on malondialdehyde (MDA) content via spectrophotometer. Results and discussion High concentrations of Al,Mg, and P were identified in soil, while high contents of Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn were found in V. vinifera leaves. The high concentrations in soil are probably due to agricultural activities, whereas those in leaves are probably due to atmospheric deposition and repeated use of foliar sprays in viticulture. The bioconcentration factor showed an effective transport of Cu, P, and Zn, from soil to leaf. The BSQ-ar values registered were similar to those obtained in preserved soils; hence, the biological class (VI) of these soils is high. The MDA content in T. officinale and V. vinifera leaves was below the reference value for T. officinale (2.9 ± 0.2 μM), suggesting that the metal content did not stress the vegetation in the investigated site. Conclusions The MDA value for V. vinifera (1.1 ± 0.7 μM) could be adopted as another control value for soil quality, which in our case is of Bgood quality.^ Moreover, our results suggest that high concentrations of elements detected in the analyzed samples do not influence negatively the quality of soil, but a better agronomic management could improve soil quality in the studied area
Assessment of the instability mechanism of spillway with reference to an earthfill dam in the northwest Turkey
Gas entrapment and microbial N2O reduction reduce N2O emissions from a biochar-amended sandy clay loam soil
Morphological and Functional Changes in the Thyroid Gland of Methyl Thiophanate-Injected Lizards, Podarcis sicula
Clinical and microbiological profile of chronic Burkholderia cepacia complex infections in a cystic fibrosis reference hospital in Brazil
Burkholderia sp. infections are extremely complex in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, especially considering the lack of knowledge regarding its behavior, its relationship with prognosis, as well as its transmissibility and multidrug resistance features. This study evaluated the frequency of chronic infection by Burkholderia, using microbiological and clinical data. Ninety-eight patients with CF attended from July 2011 to April 2014 in a Brazilian reference hospital were included. Antimicrobial activity, molecular epidemiology, Shwachman score, body mass index, exacerbations, and lung function were analyzed. Nine patients had chronic colonization, and all of them showed preserved pulmonary function levels, body mass index, and Shwachman score. Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic; however, divergent results were shown by other studies. Cross-contamination may have occurred in only two unrelated patients of different ages, who were colonized by B. vietnamiensis, which does not occur frequently. Twelve new sequence types (STs) were identified and three STs have presented intercontinental distribution. None of the patients presented known epidemic strains. In conclusion, a relatively low number of patients with chronic colonization and suspected cross-infection were identified. Different from other studies that have found CF patients chronically colonized with Burkholderia sp. having a greater deterioration of lung function, more frequent antibiotic therapy, and increased mortality, in the current study, the patients showed good clinical outcomes and favorable options for antibiotics therapy. This study also updated the epidemiological database, which facilitates the multicentric collaborative analysis and assists in the control of global infection by these pathogens