A social and historical analysis of Egyptian non-royal epithets in the Middle Kingdom

Ancient Egyptian non-royal biographical texts typically include a series of laudatory epithets, including nouns, adjectives, and relative clauses, which follow the name and titles of the monuments\u27 owners. The epithets served to demonstrate that these individuals were worthy of an honored place in the afterlife; to perpetuate their memory in a favorable fashion; and to encourage the maintenance of their mortuary cults. Although these phrases are often formulaic and in some cases consist of hyperbolic stereotype, they often reflect cultural attitudes, historical circumstances, and administrative responsibilities. By collecting, classifying, and analyzing the epithets from a large sampling of well-dated inscriptions, including texts from tombs, mortuary stelae, votive stelae, and expedition memorials, it is possible to draw conclusions about the social and historical significance of such epithets in general, and about the meaning of specific expressions. This study uses epithets as a basis for observing the manner in which the Egyptian non-royal elite of the Middle Kingdom viewed themselves relative to the gods, the king, their peers, and the common people. In addition, it analyzes the relationship between the subject matter of the epithets and the wider system of behavior considered appropriate for the holders of high administrative offices. The subject matter of epithets is shown to reflect the same principles of behavior found in contemporary literature, stressing knowledge, eloquence, obedience, efficiency, attentiveness, accuracy, and self-control, as well as personal prosperity and generosity toward the poor. A chapter is also devoted to the epithets of male and female relatives who are depicted and labelled alongside the owners of the monuments. This section makes observations about the effect of gender on the selection of epithets. Among the other variables that influence the subject matter of epithets are the function of the monument, the location of the inscription, and the official responsibilities of the owner. The nature and purpose of the epithets themselves is connected to widespread Egyptian beliefs about their own world and about the afterlife

A aprendizagem teórico-vivencial: exploração de alguns limites e possibilidades

Esse estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de comparar a disponibilidade inicial de um grupo de alunos para uma proposta de aprendizagem teórico-vivencial com mudanças auto-observadas no final do processo. O grupo foi constituído por 12 alunos inscritos na disciplina "Dinâmica do Relacionamento Humano", oferecida em um Programa de Pós-Graduação para profissionais da Área de Saúde Mental. Os dados foram obtidos através de respostas dos participantes a questões abertas feitas no início e no final do processo do grupo, e foram tratadas pelo procedimento de análise categorial de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que a falta de disponibilidade inicial para a tarefa grupai não se constituiu em fator impeditivo de mudanças positivas posteriores, enquanto que a disponibilidade associada a necessidades pessoais de interação, constituiu-se em limite para o alcance desse tipo de proposta

Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2021 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are a major global contributor to morbidity and mortality. In 2020–21, non-pharmaceutical interventions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic reduced not only the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also the transmission of other LRI pathogens. Tracking LRI incidence and mortality, as well as the pathogens responsible, can guide health-system responses and funding priorities to reduce future burden. We present estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 of the burden of non-COVID-19 LRIs and corresponding aetiologies from 1990 to 2021, inclusive of pandemic effects on the incidence and mortality of select respiratory viruses, globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. Methods We estimated mortality, incidence, and aetiology attribution for LRI, defined by the GBD as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, not inclusive of COVID-19. We analysed 26 259 site-years of mortality data using the Cause of Death Ensemble model to estimate LRI mortality rates. We analysed all available age-specific and sex-specific data sources, including published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as household surveys, hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and LRI mortality estimates, to generate internally consistent estimates of incidence and prevalence using DisMod-MR 2.1. For aetiology estimation, we analysed multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature data using a network analysis model to produce the proportion of LRI deaths and episodes attributable to the following pathogens: Acinetobacter baumannii, Chlamydia spp, Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, fungi, group B streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, influenza viruses, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella spp, Mycoplasma spp, polymicrobial infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and other viruses (ie, the aggregate of all viruses studied except influenza and RSV), as well as a residual category of other bacterial pathogens. Findings Globally, in 2021, we estimated 344 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 325–364) incident episodes of LRI, or 4350 episodes (4120–4610) per 100 000 population, and 2·18 million deaths (1·98–2·36), or 27·7 deaths (25·1–29·9) per 100 000. 502 000 deaths (406 000–611 000) were in children younger than 5 years, among which 254 000 deaths (197 000–320 000) occurred in countries with a low Socio-demographic Index. Of the 18 modelled pathogen categories in 2021, S pneumoniae was responsible for the highest proportions of LRI episodes and deaths, with an estimated 97·9 million (92·1–104·0) episodes and 505 000 deaths (454 000–555 000) globally. The pathogens responsible for the second and third highest episode counts globally were other viral aetiologies (46·4 million [43·6–49·3] episodes) and Mycoplasma spp (25·3 million [23·5–27·2]), while those responsible for the second and third highest death counts were S aureus (424 000 [380 000–459 000]) and K pneumoniae (176 000 [158 000–194 000]). From 1990 to 2019, the global all-age non-COVID-19 LRI mortality rate declined by 41·7% (35·9–46·9), from 56·5 deaths (51·3–61·9) to 32·9 deaths (29·9–35·4) per 100 000. From 2019 to 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic and implementation of associated non-pharmaceutical interventions, we estimated a 16·0% (13·1–18·6) decline in the global all-age non-COVID-19 LRI mortality rate, largely accounted for by a 71·8% (63·8–78·9) decline in the number of influenza deaths and a 66·7% (56·6–75·3) decline in the number of RSV deaths. Interpretation Substantial progress has been made in reducing LRI mortality, but the burden remains high, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. During the COVID-19 pandemic, with its associated non-pharmaceutical interventions, global incident LRI cases and mortality attributable to influenza and RSV declined substantially. Expanding access to health-care services and vaccines, including S pneumoniae, H influenzae type B, and novel RSV vaccines, along with new low-cost interventions against S aureus, could mitigate the LRI burden and prevent transmission of LRI-causing pathogens. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care (UK)