Extension of Nikiforov-Uvarov Method for the Solution of Heun Equation

We report an alternative method to solve second order differential equations which have at most four singular points. This method is developed by changing the degrees of the polynomials in the basic equation of Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. This is called extended NU method for this paper. The eigenvalue solutions of Heun equation and confluent Heun equation are obtained via extended NU method. Some quantum mechanical problems such as Coulomb problem on a 3-sphere, two Coulombically repelling electrons on a sphere and hyperbolic double-well potential are investigated by this method

Interrelationship between the variability of Northern Hemispheric total ozone, temperature and eddy heat flux

Toplam ozonun en yoğun olarak bulunduğu 15km ile 55 km arasındaki orta atmosfer, dinamik etkilerin de en fazla görüldüğü bölgedir. Brewer-Dobson sirkülasyonu, orta atmosferdeki ozon taşınımını etkileyen temel çevrimdir. Girdap ısı akısı, Brewer-Dobson sirkülasyonu olarak da bilinen, kalan sirkülasyonun, düşey bileşenidir ve dinamik bir bakış için kullanılan rezidüel ortalama teorinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, toplam ozon değişiminin orta atmosferdeki sıcaklık ve girdap ısı akısı ile etkileşimi dinamik olarak incelenmiştir. Brewer-Dobson sirkülasyonunun matematiksel olarak modellenmesinde, dönüştürülmüş Eulerian ortalama akış denklemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada sirkulasyonun hesaplanmasında 1998-2007 yılları arasındaki ECMWF-ERA- Interim re-analiz verilerinden, toplam ozon değerleri için ise TOMS, OMI uydu verileri ile ECMWF ozon karışma oranı verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. 1998-2007 yılları arasında Kuzey yarıküre ozon değişimleri incelendiğinde, yukarı orta enlemlerde ve kutup bölgesinde ozon miktarının tropiklerden daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Orta ve yukarı enlemlerdeki toplam ozonun değişmini de etkileyen birincil mekanizma olan sirkülasyonun, yıl içinde en kuvvetli olduğu dönem Ocak ayı, etkilerinin en az görüldüğü dönem ise Temmuz ayıdır. Gözönüne alınan periyotta toplam ozon değeri ortalama olarak tropiklerde 240DU değerinden kutup bölgelerinde 420 DU değerine kadar değişmektedir. Orta enlemlerde ise 260-360DU arasında değişmektedir. Planeter aktivitenin değişiminin en fazla görüldüğü 100mb seviyesi için orta enlemlerdeki toplam ozonla, sıcaklıklar arasında yakın bir ilişki elde edilmiştir. Benzer şekilde, tropiklerdeki girdap ısı akısının orta enlemlerdeki sıcaklıkları, orta enlemlerdeki girdap ısı akısının da kutuplardaki sıcaklıları kontrol ettiği görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Stratosferik ozon, Brewer-Dobson sirkülasyonu, ozon azalması.Ozone levels in the atmosphere have significantly decreased over the last three decades not only over Polar Regions but also over mid-latitudes. This finding led to an intense debate on the characteristics of the stratospheric dynamics and atmospheric transport. Since most of the atmospheric ozone is found in the stratosphere and the vertical motion in the stratosphere is quite slow so the dynamics in this layer becomes of great significance to our climate. Evidently dynamical changes in the circulation contribute to observe ozone trends at northern mid-latitudes. Total ozone trends have been directly connected to changes in various dynamical parameters such as temperature, so thus eddy heat flux. The eddy heat flux is the product of meridional wind departures and temperature departures. Dynamically eddy heat flux is the vertical component of Brewer-Dobson circulation. Brewer-Dobson circulation which is also known as residual circulation has a strong influence on stratospheric ozone variability and transport processes. Brewer-Dobson circulation is very strong during winter (January) and it increases the total ozone over high latitudes. In summer (July) the circulation is weak. The global distribution of atmospheric heat transport is supported by zonally averaged parameters namely eddy heat flux and temperature. Since eddy heat flux transports heat, it has been obtained that dynamical temperature change is highly affected by the eddy heat flux. Physically temperature and eddy heat flux are strongly related to each other. Evidently the strong correlation between eddy heat flux and temperature interprets a relationship between total ozone and pronounced parameters. Dynamical features of Northern Hemispheric ozone transport, temperature and eddy heat flux and their relationships for the specified time interval (1998-2007) makes up the basics of the study. The dynamical processes produced by eddies or wave motion in the stratosphere and mesosphere give rise to the meridional circulation in the middle atmosphere that closely balances the force caused by the temperature deviation from the radiative equilibrium. Dynamic features affecting ozone include especially the atmospheric transport temperature variability and changes in eddy heat flux. Ozone transport and variability of eddy heat flux and temperature are defined by zonally averaged parameters. It is easier to examine atmospheric variability through zonal mean fields which is also mathematically less complicated than using 3 dimensional flow equations.. In order to view the residual atmospheric circulation and describe zonally averaged structure of the atmosphere, a mathematical formalism is used for the eddy-mean flow cancellation which provides a separation between eddies and the mean meridional circulation. The formulation defines the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) or residual circulation. Residual circulation calculation is given by the sum of the Eulerian mean circulation components and the eddy terms. In the study eddy heat flux and temperature are separately processed to be linked with total ozone transport. In the present research total ozone data from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) (1998-2004), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) (2005-2007) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim Re-Analysis data (1998-2207) have been used. The selected period for Northern Hemisphere and 180°W- 180°E is compiled for the middle atmosphere which includes the region from 100mb in the lower stratosphere and up to 10mb in the stratosphere. Middle atmosphere is a dynamically driven region compared to the troposphere, which is more sensitive to thermal driven heat engine. Relationship between mid-latitudinal ozone, eddy heat flux and temperature is chosen as the starting point to create an emphasis on the area around this region. It is confirmed that tropical eddy heat flux highly controls the mid-latitudinal total ozone and mid-latitudinal lower stratospheric temperature. Additionally polar ozone is strongly affected by polar eddy heat flux. Eddy heat flux at the mid-latitudes is highly correlated with the polar temperatures.  Keywords: Stratospheric ozone, Brewer-Dobson circulation, ozone depletion

Cholesteatoma of the concha bullosa: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Cholesteatoma is a relatively common disease within the middle ear cavity, but rarely it manifests in the paranasal sinuses. There is, to the best of our knowledge, only one other published case of cholesteatoma inside the concha bullosa in the English language literature.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>An 81-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of nasal obstruction, headache and diplopia. After endoscopic and radiological evaluation a transnasal endoscopic approach was chosen. The diagnosis of cholesteatoma was established by histopathological evaluation of the mass inside the concha bullosa.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although it is rarely seen, cholesteatoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of slow-growing and destructive paranasal masses.</p

Laryngoscopic Examination During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Turkish Voice Speech and Swallowing Disorders Society and Turkish Professional Voice Society Recommendations

COVID-19 is highly transmissible and spreads rapidly in the population. This increases the occupational risk for health care workers. In otolaryngology clinic practice, patients with upper respiratory tract infection symptoms are common. Also, routine head and neck examinations such as oral cavity examination, nasal/nasopharyngeal examination, or video laryngostroboscopic evaluation are highly risky because of the aerosol formation. To emphasize this issue, two leading otolaryngology organizations in Turkey; 'Voice Speech and Swallowing Disorders Society', and 'Professional Voice Society' gathered a task force. This task force aimed to prepare a consensus report that would provide practical recommendations of the safety measurements during routine clinical care of laryngology patients. To fulfill this, universal aim, on the 2nd and 9th of May 2020, two web-based meetings were conducted by 20 expert physicians. This eighteen items list was prepared as an output

Exchange rate volatility and capital inflows: role of financial development

There is vast literature examining the impact of exchange rate volatility on various macroeconomic aggregates such as economic growth, trade flows, domestic investment, and more recently capital flows. However, these studies have ignored the role of financial development while examining the impact of exchange rate volatility on capital flows. This study aims to analyze the impact of exchange rate volatility on capital inflows towards developing countries by incorporating the role of financial development over the time period 1980–2013. In this regard, the behavior of two types of capital flows is examined: physical capital inflows measured as foreign direct investment, and financial inflows quantified through remittance inflows. The empirical investigation comprises the direct as well as indirect effect of exchange rate volatility on capital inflows. The study employs dynamic system GMM estimation technique to empirically estimate the effect of exchange rate volatility on capital inflows. The empirical results of the study identify that exchange rate volatility dampens both physical and financial inflows towards developing countries. The indirect impact of exchange rate volatility through financial development, however, turns out positive and statistically significant. This finding reflects that financial development helps in reduc- ing the harmful impact of exchange rate volatility on capital inflows. Hence, the study concludes that a developed financial system is an important channel through which developing countries may improve capital inflows in the long run.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Tabu #1 : bilimsel makale yazmak çok zordur(!)

Target Group: Undergraduate student who has never made a scientific research, especially Astronomy students. Objective: To show this group, making a scientific research and resulting it is not much difficult. Method: Making a research on practical, and writing an article. Result: Young scientists who trust themselves, can make a scientific research, made a few support to the Oceon of Science.peer-reviewe

Astronomide yaygin öğrenim arayişlari ve meyvesi beyaz cüce

Executing Expansive Learning, which means learning without any schedule, place or intructor, has confused every astronomers' mind. For us, as the students of different universities and perspectives, it was confusing how to share our knowledge and experience. The astronomy students who met at the 4th National Astronomy Student Congress in 2006, started a solution based on share of knowledge and experience. This report tells us the story of Beyaz Cüce workgroup which created as a result of sharing the knowledge and ideas.peer-reviewe