Climbing the Social Ladder: Does Intergenerational Solidarity matter?

Research on intergenerational transmission of inequality tends to focus on unequal access to wealth as well as human and social capital. Often lost in these discussions is the role of parent-offspring relationships. This study takes a closer look into families and investigates how the heterogeneity in family relationships may affect individual social mobility. We apply the concept of intergenerational solidarity to analyse how family relationships vary in nature. We explore two prominent features - emotional closeness and family obligations. Using World Value Survey microdata from 55 countries, we find that emotional closeness between parents and offspring is positively related to both the possibility and extent of upward occupational mobility. On the other hand, the strength of obligations felt towards family members is negatively associated with upward mobility. The obligations of caring for parents may influence offspring decision making, often hindering opportunities to climb the social ladder

Using your ties to get a worse job? The differential effects of social networks on quality of employment: Evidence from Colombia

This article examines the effect of social networks through the use of family, friends or relatives ties on quality of employment (QoE). Drawing from the socioeconomic literature on social networks and labor market, we propose an original and multidimensional measure of QoE, and a fruitful estimation approach of the effect of social networks on QoE that allows to deal with complex inter-groups heterogeneity. Using the Great Integrated Houshold Survey (GIHS) and a sample on Bogota's workers in 2013, we find evidence proving that the use of ties has high negative effects on QoE index for those who are in the lower quality of employment range. Likewise, the use of social networks has very low negative effects on QoE index for individuals who are in the better quality of employment range. Complemented by focus groups interviews, these empirical results raise questions about the difference prevailing in relational practices between necessity networks for precarious workers and opportunity networks for protected workers

Using your ties to get a worse job? The differential effects of social networks on quality of employment in Colombia

This article examines the effect of social networks by investigating how mobilizing family, friendship or kindship ties in job searches affects the quality of employment (QoE) using a mixed approach. Drawing from socioeconomic literature on the segmented labor market, the authors propose an original and multidimensional measure of job quality and a fruitful estimation of the effect of social networks on QoE that allows for dealing with complex inter-groups heterogeneity. Using the Great Integrated Household Survey (GIHS) and a sample on Bogota's workers in 2013, they provide empirical support that the use of ties is negatively correlated with the QoE for those who are vulnerable. Likewise, the use of social relations is not significant for protected workers. Complemented by focus groups interviews, these results raise questions about the difference prevailing in relational practices between necessity networks for precarious workers and opportunity networks for protected workers in the Colombian capital

Using your ties to get a worse job? The differential effects of social networks on quality of employment in Colombia

This article examines the effect of social networks by investigating how mobilizing family, friendship or kindship ties in job searches affects the quality of employment (QoE) using a mixed approach. Drawing from socioeconomic literature on the segmented labor market, the authors propose an original and multidimensional measure of job quality and a fruitful estimation of the effect of social networks on QoE that allows for dealing with complex inter-groups heterogeneity. Using the Great Integrated Household Survey (GIHS) and a sample on Bogota's workers in 2013, they provide empirical support that the use of ties is negatively correlated with the QoE for those who are vulnerable. Likewise, the use of social relations is not significant for protected workers. Complemented by focus groups interviews, these results raise questions about the difference prevailing in relational practices between necessity networks for precarious workers and opportunity networks for protected workers in the Colombian capital

Using your ties to get a worse job? The differential effects of social networks on quality of employment in Colombia

This article examines the effect of social networks by investigating how mobilizing family, friendship or kindship ties in job searches affects the quality of employment (QoE) using a mixed approach. Drawing from socioeconomic literature on the segmented labor market, the authors propose an original and multidimensional measure of job quality and a fruitful estimation of the effect of social networks on QoE that allows for dealing with complex inter-groups heterogeneity. Using the Great Integrated Household Survey (GIHS) and a sample on Bogota's workers in 2013, they provide empirical support that the use of ties is negatively correlated with the QoE for those who are vulnerable. Likewise, the use of social relations is not significant for protected workers. Complemented by focus groups interviews, these results raise questions about the difference prevailing in relational practices between necessity networks for precarious workers and opportunity networks for protected workers in the Colombian capital

Comprendre le marché du travail à Bogota à partir de la qualité de l’emploi

Quand on décrit les marchés du travail latino-américains, les oppositions traditionnelles entre travail formel et informel (activité licite non déclarée, réalisée en l’absence de contrat de travail et/ou de sécurité sociale), ou entre salariat et indépendance, viennent directement à l’esprit. Pourtant, de nombreuses transformations et l’existence d’un continuum entre les différents statuts dans l’emploi construit à travers des législations abaissant les protections des salariés formels tout e..

Revisiting the urban labor market in Latin America : segmentation, social networks and quality of employment in Bogota

Dans le contexte latino-américain, façonné par une urbanisation rapide, de fortes inégalités et une faiblesse des institutions de placement de la main d’oeuvre, les problématiques liées à la structure du marché du travail et à l’effet des dispositifs d’intermédiation relationnelle sur les performances dans l’emploi apparaissent fondamentales. Cette thèse se propose de décrire la structure du marché du travail et d’analyser les effets des réseaux de relations sur la qualité de l’emploi et les performances des actifs occupés à Bogota (Colombie). Elle adopte une démarche de recherche pluridisciplinaire reposant sur un cadre d’analyse socioéconomique et institutionnaliste. Dans une première partie, une réflexion théorique et analytique est tout d’abord conduite autour de la notion de qualité de l’emploi envisagée comme un nouvel indicateur de performance. Au prisme de la théorie de la segmentation du marché du travail, l’analyse de ce nouvel indicateur permet d’envisager les logiques et les effets différentiés du recours aux relations sociales. À partir de données quantitatives (enquête ménage geih de 2013) et qualitatives (entretiens collectifs), l’analyse exploratoire multidimensionnelle, économétrique et compréhensive permet de vérifier que : (i.) la qualité de l’emploi traduit une structure fortement polarisée du marché du travail à Bogota, (ii.) l’usage des relations est associé différemment à la qualité de l’emploi des travailleurs en fonction de leur segment, des réseaux de nécessité (segment vulnérable) s’opposant à des réseaux d’opportunité (segment protégé). Dans une seconde partie, s’appuyant sur les théories de l’encastrement et de la sociologie des réseaux, la thèse se propose d’explorer plus précisément les effets des différentes dimensions, configurations et mécanismes de réseau de relations personnelles sur les performances dans l’emploi. À partir d’un système spécifique d’enquêtes mixtes déployé à Bogota entre 2016 et 2018 des données originales de réseaux égocentrés ont été collectées. Les analyses statistiques multidimensionnelles et économétriques ainsi que l’analyse des narrations quantifiées mettent en évidence que : (i.) la combinaison entre un réseau potentiel étendu et un réseau actif cohésif augmente le temps de recherche mais aussi la probabilité de trouver un emploi plus satisfaisant, (ii.) la force des liens apparaît contextualisée et est corrélée négativement avec le revenu et positivement avec l’évolution de ce dernier entre deux emplois, (iii.) au cours des trajectoires professionnelles des acteurs, les ressources nécessaires et les relations permettant d’y accéder se différencient nettement en fonction du type de changement d’emploi (incrémental ou radical).In the Latin American context, shaped by rapid urbanization, high inequalities and the weakness of labor institutions, issues related to the structure of the labor market and the effect of relational intermediation on job performance appear fundamental. This thesis aims to describe the structure of employment and analyzes the effects of social networks on the quality of employment and the performance of workers in Bogota’s labor market (Colombia). This work adopts a multidisciplinary research approach based on a socioeconomic and institutionalist framework. In the first part, a theoretical and analytical reflection is conducted through the notion of quality of employment, to overcome the classical typologies commonly used in developing countries. From this perspective, quality of employment can be seen as a new performance indicator grasped through the prism of the labor market segmentation theory, making possible to consider the rationales and the differential effects produced by the use of social networks. Subsequently, based on quantitative data from the household survey (geih, 2013) supplemented by information collected through focus groups, the multidimensional, econometric and comprehensive exploratory analysis allows to empirically verify that : (i.) quality of employment reflects a strongly polarized structure of the labor market in Bogota, (ii.) the use of social networks is associated differently with the quality of employment of workers according to their segment ; opposing necessity networks (for the vulnerable segment) and opportunity networks (for the protected segment). Based on the theories of the embeddedness and the sociology of networks, the second part of this thesis proposes to explore the dimensions, configurations and mechanisms of different types of social networks to get a job. Using original data on egocentric networks collected from a specific mixed survey system deployed in Bogota between 2016 and 2018, the empirical results from multidimensional and econometric analyzes and, the application of quantified narratives method demonstrate that : (i.) the combination of an extended potential network and a cohesive active network increases the search time but also the probability of finding a satisfactory job, (ii.) the strength of ties appears contextualized and negatively correlated with income but positively with its evolution between the last and the current job, (iii.) during the actors’ labor market trajectories, the necessary resources for changing job and the relationships to access them are clearly differentiated by the type of evolution (incremental or radical)

Revisiter le marché du travail urbain en Amérique Latine : segmentation, réseaux sociaux et qualité de l'emploi à Bogota

In the Latin American context, shaped by rapid urbanization, high inequalities and the weakness of labor institutions, issues related to the structure of the labor market and the effect of relational intermediation on job performance appear fundamental. This thesis aims to describe the structure of employment and analyzes the effects of social networks on the quality of employment and the performance of workers in Bogota’s labor market (Colombia). This work adopts a multidisciplinary research approach based on a socioeconomic and institutionalist framework. In the first part, a theoretical and analytical reflection is conducted through the notion of quality of employment, to overcome the classical typologies commonly used in developing countries. From this perspective, quality of employment can be seen as a new performance indicator grasped through the prism of the labor market segmentation theory, making possible to consider the rationales and the differential effects produced by the use of social networks. Subsequently, based on quantitative data from the household survey (geih, 2013) supplemented by information collected through focus groups, the multidimensional, econometric and comprehensive exploratory analysis allows to empirically verify that : (i.) quality of employment reflects a strongly polarized structure of the labor market in Bogota, (ii.) the use of social networks is associated differently with the quality of employment of workers according to their segment ; opposing necessity networks (for the vulnerable segment) and opportunity networks (for the protected segment). Based on the theories of the embeddedness and the sociology of networks, the second part of this thesis proposes to explore the dimensions, configurations and mechanisms of different types of social networks to get a job. Using original data on egocentric networks collected from a specific mixed survey system deployed in Bogota between 2016 and 2018, the empirical results from multidimensional and econometric analyzes and, the application of quantified narratives method demonstrate that : (i.) the combination of an extended potential network and a cohesive active network increases the search time but also the probability of finding a satisfactory job, (ii.) the strength of ties appears contextualized and negatively correlated with income but positively with its evolution between the last and the current job, (iii.) during the actors’ labor market trajectories, the necessary resources for changing job and the relationships to access them are clearly differentiated by the type of evolution (incremental or radical).Dans le contexte latino-américain, façonné par une urbanisation rapide, de fortes inégalités et une faiblesse des institutions de placement de la main d’oeuvre, les problématiques liées à la structure du marché du travail et à l’effet des dispositifs d’intermédiation relationnelle sur les performances dans l’emploi apparaissent fondamentales. Cette thèse se propose de décrire la structure du marché du travail et d’analyser les effets des réseaux de relations sur la qualité de l’emploi et les performances des actifs occupés à Bogota (Colombie). Elle adopte une démarche de recherche pluridisciplinaire reposant sur un cadre d’analyse socioéconomique et institutionnaliste. Dans une première partie, une réflexion théorique et analytique est tout d’abord conduite autour de la notion de qualité de l’emploi envisagée comme un nouvel indicateur de performance. Au prisme de la théorie de la segmentation du marché du travail, l’analyse de ce nouvel indicateur permet d’envisager les logiques et les effets différentiés du recours aux relations sociales. À partir de données quantitatives (enquête ménage geih de 2013) et qualitatives (entretiens collectifs), l’analyse exploratoire multidimensionnelle, économétrique et compréhensive permet de vérifier que : (i.) la qualité de l’emploi traduit une structure fortement polarisée du marché du travail à Bogota, (ii.) l’usage des relations est associé différemment à la qualité de l’emploi des travailleurs en fonction de leur segment, des réseaux de nécessité (segment vulnérable) s’opposant à des réseaux d’opportunité (segment protégé). Dans une seconde partie, s’appuyant sur les théories de l’encastrement et de la sociologie des réseaux, la thèse se propose d’explorer plus précisément les effets des différentes dimensions, configurations et mécanismes de réseau de relations personnelles sur les performances dans l’emploi. À partir d’un système spécifique d’enquêtes mixtes déployé à Bogota entre 2016 et 2018 des données originales de réseaux égocentrés ont été collectées. Les analyses statistiques multidimensionnelles et économétriques ainsi que l’analyse des narrations quantifiées mettent en évidence que : (i.) la combinaison entre un réseau potentiel étendu et un réseau actif cohésif augmente le temps de recherche mais aussi la probabilité de trouver un emploi plus satisfaisant, (ii.) la force des liens apparaît contextualisée et est corrélée négativement avec le revenu et positivement avec l’évolution de ce dernier entre deux emplois, (iii.) au cours des trajectoires professionnelles des acteurs, les ressources nécessaires et les relations permettant d’y accéder se différencient nettement en fonction du type de changement d’emploi (incrémental ou radical)

Race, Gender and Poverty: Evidence from Brazilian Data

Race and gender are commonly considerated as two of the most important structural factors associated with unequal socioeconomic systems. Previous research has found that these factors are significant for explaining the income inequality in Latin America and particularly in Brazil. This study aims to address whether both determinants predict an individual’s chances of being in poverty in Brazil, using national dataset and articulating different econometric strategies. Overall, being a woman had a small positive impact on an individual’s predicted chance of poverty and only in a probability linear specification. We think that this result does not align well with previous literature because of the selection bias affecting women labor market participation. However, evidence of strong and robust racial differenciation in Brazil was present. Discussing the representativeness of the sample, this study highlights the importance of data quality as well as the relevance of using various statistical methods