ISSUES RELATED TO THE ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF THE TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS DEPRECIATION

The issue of accounting depreciation is an older concern of this study's authors on the incidence over the true and fair view of the earning and the net value of the non- current assets. Proceeding from the consideration that the present depreciation methods, acknowleged by the accounting standards and regulations are not sufficient to render the reality of the irreversible impairment of the fixed assets nor that of the material and immaterial investment recovery we performed a research on the indicators reported by 20 companies in Cluj county and we applied a questionnaire to each entity on the depreciation methods used, their incidence on the true and fair view and their proposals for the completion of the depreciation methods. The objective of the research is to identify the most appropriate depreciation methods, truthfully illustrating the effects of the irreversible impairment on the net asset and on the earning, to introduce the excluded assests in the cathegory of the non-current assets ( like property and plant, goodwill, intangible assets created with ones own strengths) and the enforcement of appropriate treatments to the revaluation differences and their own overhead investments. The International Accounting Standard IAS 16 - Property, plant and equipment refers to three depreciation methods: the straightline method, the diminishing balance method and the technical depreciation method (units of production method). In Romania only two of these methods are accepted: the straightline method, the diminishing balance method and the accelerated method was additionally instilled, which is used internationally in exceptional situations and not currently. The results of the research led us to the following conclusions: - for the depreciation of the machinery, facilities and technological equipments it is recommended to use the technical depreciation method or the units of production method;  taking into consideration the financial conception on the non-current assets the depreciation of all cathegories of tangible and intangible assets is recommended, the purpose being the gradual recovery of the investment in these assets and not the covering of the wear and tear or obsolescence; - the surplus value resulted from the revaluation of the tangible assets musn't be depreciated because it generates in fictional expenses; - the depreciation of the overhead assets musn't be acknowledged as an expense but it should be treated as a reduction in the income resulting from fixed assets;  the completion of the depreciation concept with its financial meaning, namely the process of recovering the investments in tangible and intangible assets; The application of the research results leads to correcting the image provided by financial reportings on the tangible and intangible assets contribution to the income, the depreciation's reflection in the expenses and the net value of these assets. The contribution of the authors consists in interceding to ensure the application of the research results by modifying and completing the national accounting rules in order to achieve accounting's consecrated objective: reproducing a true and fair view on the financial position and performances. These issues have not been addressed in other specialty studies in the country or abroad.irreversible depreciation, accounting depreciation, technical depreciation depreciation, provision for positive reevaluation diferences

Romanian Harmonization of Laws with European Union Policies Regarding Consumer Protection

The consumer protection policy is more and more present at the core of the main challenges facing the citizens, the economy and societies and the need for consumer trust that would stimulate the economy, has never been greater (European Commission, 2007). Therefore, the European Union has been regulated guidelines aimed at consumer protection. These principles were incorporated in a common strategy of Member Community Strategy during 2007-2013 and provided for setting and actions to be taken at European Union level to achieve these objectives. In what follows, we present the basic ideas set out in the European Union Consumer Strategy and their transposition stage in our legislation in order to achieve full legislative harmonization.consumers, consumer protection, consumer protection policies, European Union policies, Romanian harmonization of laws

Al-Substitution Effects on Physical Properties of the Colossal Magnetoresistance Compouns La0.67ca0.33mno3

We present a detailed study of the polycrystalline perovskite manganites La0.67Ca0.33AlxMn1-xO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.5) at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, including electrical resistance, magnetization, ac susceptibility. The static magnetic susceptibility was also measured up to 1000 K. All the samples show colossal magnetoresistance behavior and the Curie temperatures decrease with Al doping. The data suggest the presence of correlated magnetic clusters near by the ferromagnetic transition. This appears to be a consequence of the structural and magnetic disorder created by the random distribution of Al atoms.Comment: 13 pages including 5 figure

How do Market Concentration and Mimetic Behavior Influence Strategic Renewal?

In the increasingly dynamic and competitive business environment of today, incumbent firms are facing rapid and profound changes in macro social, economic, political and technological conditions. Such a turbulent setting may disrupt the inertia of the incumbent firms, from a wide range of industries, and urge them to make drastic and often irreversible strategic decisions. Such vital strategic decisions include strategic renewal which, as the literature sustains, is a necessary requirement to remain competitive, but difficult to achieve. This paper aims to develop understanding on major areas of strategic renewal from the point of view of some aspects of the institutional environment. Its goal is to establish the relationship between different market conditions and the way companies react in terms of strategic renewal and change. Moreover it statistically investigates the degree to which companies decide to “run” in their own rhythm or just imitate other incumbent companies in the industry.strategic renewal, mimetic behavior, market concentration, exploitation, exploration.

European Approaches on the Concept of Lean Management

All aspects of Lean Management presented in this paper have attempted to show the size of an approach of the industrial performance in European companies. The myth created by the results in Japanese car companies Toyota has attracted the interest of many authors to this management system. In this paper, we propose to make a presentation of the contributions in the field, some of them, but also why the system was met with reluctance in this part of the world.lean management; car companies; European approach; production method.

A Case Study of the Accounting Models for the Participants in an Emissions Trading Scheme

As emissions trading schemes are becoming more popular across the world, accounting has to keep up with these new economic developments. The absence of guidance regarding the accounting for greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions generated by the withdrawal of IFRIC 3- Emission Rights - is the main reason why there is a diversity of accounting practices. This diversity of accounting methods makes the financial statements of companies that are taking part in emissions trading schemes like EU ETS, difficult to compare. The present paper uses a case study that assumes the existence of three entities that have chosen three different accounting methods: the IFRIC 3 cost model, the IFRIC 3 revaluation model and the “off balance sheet” approach. This illustrates how the choice of an accounting method regarding GHGs emissions influences their interim and annual reports through the chances in the companies’ balance sheet and financial results

ACCOUNTING FOR GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS ALLOWANCES IN ROMANIA

The present paper tries to analyze the accounting challenges that the implementation of EU Emissions Trading Scheme has risen. On 2 December 2004, IASB has issued an interpretation regarding the accounting of the GHG emissions allowances (IFRIC 3 „Emission Rights”). This interpretation should have been effective for annual periods beginning after 1 March 2005, the first year of the EU Emission Trading Scheme implementation. Less than a year after it was issued, IFRIC has withdrawn IFRIC 3. In December 2007, IASB has started a new project in order to provide guidance on accounting for carbon allowances called Emissions Trading Schemes Project. In the absence of an accounting standard regarding the accounting of these emissions allowances a diversity of accounting practices have been identified. Nowadays, there are three main accounting practices for the recognition of the emissions allowances and the GHG emissions liabilities: IFRIC 3 approach, the government grants approach and the net liability or off balance sheet approach. The accounting treatment of greenhouse gas emissions allowances by Romanian companies resembles the net liability or off balance sheet approach. Finance Ministry Order no. 1118/2012 states that GHG emission certificates should be recognized as fixed assets (if the entity is expecting a profit in the long term) or in the category of short term investments (if the entity is expecting a profit in the short term). The accounting of the greenhouse gas emissions allowances described above is applicable mainly to traders of such certificates and not for the installations in the scope of the EU ETS directive, which should recognize GHG emissions off balance sheet, at their nominal value (nil if received for free). The shortfall or excess of allowances will be recognized in the profit or loss as they are bought or sold by the entity (the accounting treatment imposed by Finance Ministry Order no. 3055/2009)

Injection and detection of spin in a semiconductor by tunneling via interface states

Injection and detection of spin accumulation in a semiconductor having localized states at the interface is evaluated. Spin transport from a ferromagnetic contact by sequential, two-step tunneling via interface states is treated not in itself, but in parallel with direct tunneling. The spin accumulation induced in the semiconductor channel is not suppressed, as previously argued, but genuinely enhanced by the additional spin current via interface states. Spin detection with a ferromagnetic contact yields a weighted average of the spin accumulation in the channel and in the localized states. In the regime where the spin accumulation in the localized states is much larger than that in the channel, the detected spin signal is insensitive to the spin accumulation in the localized states and the ferromagnet probes the spin accumulation in the semiconductor channel.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Theory onl