37 research outputs found
Contemporary South African Urbanization Dynamics
Abstract The paper provides an overview of urbanization patterns and trends in the
current era in South Africa, focusing in particular on the key dynamics and driving
forces underlying migration and urbanization. It considers overall demographic trends
with regard to migration and urbanization, and points to some of the difficulties with
data, and with the analysis of trends and patterns. The paper explores the changing
rural context and dynamics, and some of the significant processes in this context:
large-scale displacement of black people off farms, the impact of land reform, and
conditions in the former homeland areas. Circular migration continues to be an
important way in which households in rural areas survive, but some are unable to
move, and are falling out of these networks. International migration—the consequence
of both conditions in the home country and the draw of the South African economy—
is another significant process fuelling mainly urban growth. The paper demonstrates
the importance of cities in terms of economic growth and employment, and thus their
attractiveness to migrants. Continuing migration to cities is of course a challenge fo
Financing equitable access to antiretroviral treatment in South Africa
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>While South Africa spends approximately 7.4% of GDP on healthcare, only 43% of these funds are spent in the public system, which is tasked with the provision of care to the majority of the population including a large proportion of those in need of antiretroviral treatment (ART). South Africa is currently debating the introduction of a National Health Insurance (NHI) system. Because such a universal health system could mean increased public healthcare funding and improved access to human resources, it could improve the sustainability of ART provision. This paper considers the minimum resources that would be required to achieve the proposed universal health system and contrasts these with the costs of scaled up access to ART between 2010 and 2020.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The costs of ART and universal coverage (UC) are assessed through multiplying unit costs, utilization and estimates of the population in need during each year of the planning cycle. Costs are from the provider’s perspective reflected in real 2007 prices.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The annual costs of providing ART increase from US3.6 billion in 2020. If increases in funding to public healthcare only keep pace with projected real GDP growth, then close to 30% of these resources would be required for ART by 2020. However, an increase in the public healthcare resource envelope from 3.2% to 5%-6% of GDP would be sufficient to finance both ART and other services under a universal system (if based on a largely public sector model) and the annual costs of ART would not exceed 15% of the universal health system budget.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Responding to the HIV-epidemic is one of the many challenges currently facing South Africa. Whether this response becomes a “resource for democracy” or whether it undermines social cohesiveness within poor communities and between rich and poor communities will be partially determined by the steps that are taken during the next ten years. While the introduction of a universal system will be complex, it could generate a health system responsive to the needs of all South Africans.</p
Water shortage, deforestation and development: South Africa's `Working for Water' programme
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