A double-digitising method for building 3D virtual trees with non-planar leaves: application to the morphology and light-capture properties of young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)

We developed a double-digitising method combining a hand-held electromagnetic digitizer and a non-contact 3D laser scanner. The former was used to record the positions of all leaves in a tree and the orientation angles of their lamina. The latter served to obtain the morphology of the leaves sampled in the tree. As the scanner outputs a cloud of points, software was developed to reconstruct non-planar (NP) leaves composed of triangles, and to compute numerical shape parameters: midrib curvature, torsion and transversal curvature of the lamina. The combination of both methods allowed construction of 3D virtual trees with NP leaves. The method was applied to young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) from different sunlight environments (from 1 to 100% incident light) in a forest in central France. Leaf morphology responded to light availability, with a more bent shape in well-lit leaves. Light interception at the leaf scale by NP leaves decreased from 4 to 10% for shaded and sunlit leaves compared with planar leaves. At the tree scale, light interception by trees made of NP leaves decreased by 1 to 3% for 100% to 1% light, respectively

Terrestrial laser scanning for plot-scale forest measurement

Plot-scale measurements have been the foundation for forest surveys and reporting for over 200 years. Through recent integration with airborne and satellite remote sensing, manual measurements of vegetation structure at the plot scale are now the basis for landscape, continental and international mapping of our forest resources. The use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for plot-scale measurement was first demonstrated over a decade ago, with the intimation that these instruments could replace manual measurement methods. This has not yet been the case, despite the unparalleled structural information that TLS can capture. For TLS to reach its full potential, these instruments cannot be viewed as a logical progression of existing plot-based measurement. TLS must be viewed as a disruptive technology that requires a rethink of vegetation surveys and their application across a wide range of disciplines. We review the development of TLS as a plotscale measurement tool, including the evolution of both instrument hardware and key data processing methodologies. We highlight two broad data modelling approaches of gap probability and geometrical modelling and the basic theory that underpins these. Finally, we discuss the future prospects for increasing the utilisation of TLS for plot-scale forest assessment and forest monitoring

A biophysical approach to simulate effects of climatic change on tree pest insects.

Communication oraleabsen

Can tree architecture buffer climate change effects on pest? A biophysical approach using virtual plants

absen

On the canopy structure manipulation to buffer climate change effects on insect herbivore development

International audienceInsect pest development is often linearly related to air temperature, without taking into account the multiple interactions between the particular host plant and pest, the microclimatic conditions actually experienced by the insect, and the non-linear response of insect development rate to temperature. In this study, using an integrative biophysical model, we have investigated effects of both climatic and tree structure changes on the development of a phytophagous leaf mining moth (Phyllonorycter blancardella), taking into account the heterogeneous microclimatic conditions provided by its host plant, the domestic apple (Malus domestica), the larval body temperature rather than the ambient air temperature, and a non-linear development rate model. Hourly body temperature dynamics of larvae homogeneously dispersed in tree canopies were simulated from hourly meteorological conditions (medium IPCC climate change scenario) within the canopy of apple trees. To analyse the effect of tree architecture on leaf miner development, both pruned and unpruned trees, and one, two and three scaffold branched trees were used. Body temperature dynamics was used to compute larval development time and mortality following the non-linear developmental model for this insect. The results showed that tree pruning influences significantly larval development time and mortality. Nevertheless, the effects of manipulating tree structure on larval development and survival were relatively weak compared with the impact of chosen climate variations. This survey also showed that the variability in insect development time within a year and insect mortality change markedly with climatic variations, and highlights the importance of using non-linear rate curves and insect body temperatures instead of air temperature in forecasting models of climate-related insect pest outbreaks

Une approche multi-acteur et multidisciplinaire pour innover les pratiques de plantation forestière

La plantation forestière est un outil majeur pour l’adaptation des forêts aux changements globaux. Les échecs parfois récurrents dans certains contextes, les coûts associés à la plantation, la pénibilité du travail pour les ouvriers forestiers ainsi que les impacts environnementaux parfois négatifs sont autant de facteurs qui freinent le recours à la plantation et peuvent ainsi limiter la capacité d’adaptation des forêts. Un ensemble de travaux ont été menés pour répondre aux besoins en innovation technique sur les méthodes de plantation exprimés par les praticiens. Ces travaux portent sur le processus d’innovation en sylviculture et sur l’amélioration technique des méthodes de plantation. L’analyse du processus d’innovation indique une faiblesse des réseaux sociotechniques associée à un mauvais partage des connaissances entre acteurs et une réticence à l’investissement dans du nouveau matériel, dans un contexte économique perçu comme incertain. Ces observations suggèrent qu’un des principaux leviers possibles serait une meilleure mise en réseau des acteurs, à travers différents liens fonctionnels : partage d’information, échanges de services, construction de partenariats économiques. Des exemples de méthodes innovantes pour réaliser chacune des différentes étapes de l’itinéraire de plantation (préparation du site, plantation, entretiens), répondant aux besoins d’innovation technique exprimés par les praticiens, sont ensuite présentés.Forest plantation is a major tool to adapt forest ecosystems to global change. Plantation failure that recurrently occur in some contexts, associated financial costs, the hard and repetitive nature of tree planting, and potential negative environmental impacts of forest plantation strongly reduce the use of plantation to regenerate forest stands. A serie of studies was conducted to address the need for forest practitioners to innovate. The studies focus on the innovation process in silviculture, and on the technical improvement of plantation methods. The analysis of the innovation process highlights the weaknesses of the sociotechnical networks, in relationship with poor knowledge exchange practices, and strong reluctance to invest in new equipment in a uncertain future context. Developping stronger sociotechnical networks, based on information, service and financial flows, is a key to the development and diffusion of new silvicultural methods. Finally, examples of new methods, to execute the successive steps of forest planting (site preparation, planting, cleaning operations), addressing the expectations of forest practitioners, are presented