Chromosome Segregation Is Biased by Kinetochore Size

Chromosome missegregation during mitosis or meiosis is a hallmark of cancer and the main cause of prenatal death in humans. The gain or loss of specific chromosomes is thought to be random, with cell viability being essentially determined by selection. Several established pathways including centrosome amplification, sister-chromatid cohesion defects, or a compromised spindle assembly checkpoint can lead to chromosome missegregation. However, how specific intrinsic features of the kinetochore—the critical chromosomal interface with spindle microtubules—impact chromosome segregation remains poorly understood. Here we used the unique cytological attributes of female Indian muntjac, the mammal with the lowest known chromosome number (2n = 6), to characterize and track individual chromosomes with distinct kinetochore size throughout mitosis. We show that centromere and kinetochore functional layers scale proportionally with centromere size. Measurement of intra-kinetochore distances, serial-section electron microscopy, and RNAi against key kinetochore proteins confirmed a standard structural and functional organization of the Indian muntjac kinetochores and revealed that microtubule binding capacity scales with kinetochore size. Surprisingly, we found that chromosome segregation in this species is not random. Chromosomes with larger kinetochores bi-oriented more efficiently and showed a 2-fold bias to congress to the equator in a motor-independent manner. Despite robust correction mechanisms during unperturbed mitosis, chromosomes with larger kinetochores were also strongly biased to establish erroneous merotelic attachments and missegregate during anaphase. This bias was impervious to the experimental attenuation of polar ejection forces on chromosome arms by RNAi against the chromokinesin Kif4a. Thus, kinetochore size is an important determinant of chromosome segregation fidelity

Survival of the most vulnerable children in Nyamagana District-Mwanza Region

"As people move closer to realizing the rights of all children, the countries will move closer to their goals of development and Peace"(Kofi A. Annan: 2005); Based on this argument it is clear that children are starkly and brutally different from the ideal we all aspire to. Poverty denies children their dignity, endangers their lives and limits their potentials. Conflicts and violence rob them off from the secure family life, betray their trust, hope and become most vulnerable and restless children. The increased vulnerability and marginalization of resource poor house holds is due to rapid urbanization contributing to some social factors affecting the urban dwellers in Mwanza City Council. The rapid urbanization contributing to social factors such as family based problems (alcoholism, domestic violence and separation) and poverty has caused to the emerging of most vulnerable children (5-17 years) in the City. The available data from the department of community development (2005) indicates that about 6% of the population in the project area constituted of most vulnerable children (MVC). Due to lack of parental care and community support, the MVCs lack of basic social services and indulge in risky behaviors such as drugs abuse, pick pocketing and sex abuse leading to vulnerability to HIV/AIDs /STIs infections. In addressing the above challenges facing the MVCs, The Survival of the Most Vulnerable Children; Project implemented by Jijenge-Pamba in Nyamagana District will contribute towards improvement of the living standards of the MVCs in the project area. The project is implemented in Pamba, Igogo and Mkuyuni wards of Nyamagana District. The expected outcomes of this project are; availability of updated MVCs register and resources of poor households, increased awareness among community members on safeguarding the rights of MVCs, increased capacity of CSOs in advocating the rights of MVCs, Local government in (grassroots, wards and city council) providing guidance and inclusion of MVCs activities into the City Council comprehensive development plans and locating resources as well as improved economic status of resource of poor households and; making sure that children are supported with basic rights in a sustainable manner. (Author abstract)Mkama, D. P. (2007). Survival of the most culnerable children in Nyamagana District-Mwanza Region. Retrieved from http://academicarchive.snhu.eduMaster of Science (M.S.)School of Community Economic Developmen

1-Hydr­oxy-3-(3-methyl­but-2-en­yloxy)xanthone

In the title compound, C18H16O4, a monoprenylated xanthone, the xanthone skeleton exhibits an essentially planar conformation (r.m.s. deviation 0.0072 Å) and the isoprenyl side chain remains approximately in the mean plane of the xanthone unit, making a dihedral angle of 4.5 (2)°. The hydroxyl group forms an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. Moreover, there is a weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­action between a ring C atom and the xanthene O atom. In the crystal structure, there are no inter­molecular hydrogen bonds and the crystallographic packing is governed by van der Waals forces, leading to an arrangement in which the mol­ecules assemble with their planes parallel to each other, having a separation of 3.6 (3) Å

An integrated decision support system for improving wildfire suppression management

Funding Information: This work was financially supported by FCT (National Foundation of Science and Technology) within the Research Unit CTS?Centre of Technology and Systems, UIDB/00066/2020, and the Project forester (PCIF/SSI/0102/2017). We would like to thank the authorities from the municipality of Ma??o, in particular to Engineer Ant?nio Louro, for the valuable support in establishing the user requirements and the feedback for the system?s validation. Special thanks to the Adjunct of National Operations in the National Command of Security Operations (CNOS) part of the National Authority of Civil Protection (ANPC) Alexandre Penha, for their input in the early stages of this work.Wildfires are expected to increase in number, extent, and severity due to climate change. Hence, it is ever more important to integrate technological developments and scientific knowledge into fire management aiming at protecting lives, infrastructure, and the environment. In this paper, a decision support system (DSS) adapted to the Portuguese context and based on multi-sensor technologies and geographic information system (GIS) functionalities is proposed to leverage operational data, enabling faster and more informed decisions to reduce the impact of wildfires. Here we present a flexible and reconfigurable DSS composed of three components: an ArcGIS online feature service that provides operational data and enables a collaborative environment of users that share operational data in near real-time; a mobile client application to interact with the system, enabling the use of GIS technology and visualization dashboards; and a multi-sensor device that collects field data providing value to external services. The design and validation of this system benefitted from the feedback of wildfire management specialists and a partnership with an end-user in the municipality of Mação that also helped establish the system requirements. The validation results demonstrated that a robust system was achieved with fully interoperable components that fulfill the defined system requirements.publishersversionpublishe

Aquilegia, Vol. 26 No. 2, March-April 2002: Newsletter of the Colorado Native Plant Society

https://epublications.regis.edu/aquilegia/1092/thumbnail.jp