The epidemiological patterns of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: global estimates of disease burden, risk factors, and temporal trends

BackgroundThe incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) has increased steadily over the past few decades. Elucidating its global burden will facilitate more effective disease management and improve patient outcomes. We explored the disease burden, risk factors, and trends in incidence and mortality in NHL globally.MethodsThe up-to-date data on age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of NHL were retrieved from the GLOBOCAN 2020, CI5 volumes I-XI, WHO mortality database, and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, focusing on geographic disparities worldwide. We reported incidence and mortality by sex and age, along with corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs), the average annual percentage change (AAPC), and future burden estimates to 2040.ResultsIn 2020, there were an estimated 545,000 new cases and 260,000 deaths of NHL globally. In addition, NHL resulted in 8,650,352 age-standardized DALYs in 2019 worldwide. The age-specific incidence rates varied drastically across world areas, at least 10-fold in both sexes, with the most pronounced increase trend found in Australia and New Zealand. By contrast, North African countries faced a more significant mortality burden (ASR, 3.7 per 100,000) than highly developed countries. In the past decades, the pace of increase in incidence and mortality accelerated, with the highest AAPC of 4.9 (95%CI: 3.6-6.2) and 6.8 (95%CI: 4.3-9.2) in the elderly population, respectively. Considering risk factors, obesity was positively correlated with age-standardized incidence rates (P< 0.001). And North America was the high-risk region for DALYs due to the high body mass index in 2019. Regarding demographic change, NHL incident cases are projected to rise to approximately 778,000 by 2040.ConclusionIn this pooled analysis, we provided evidence for the growing incidence trends in NHL, particularly among women, older adults, obese populations, and HIV-infected people. And the marked increase in the older population is still a public health issue that requires more attention. Future efforts should be directed at cultivating health awareness and formulating effective and locally tailored cancer prevention strategies, especially in most developing countries

Phenotype evaluation on downy mildew resistance of spinach germplasm resources

Downy mildew is the main disease in the production of spinach.The selection and evaluation of germplasm resources is the implantation and basis of the breeding of spinach against downy mildew.In this study,the spinachtraits from different germplasm resources,such as botanical characteristics,reproduction cycle and disease resistance,which have downy mildew resistance,were identifiedby field observation.The results showed that the diversity index of 10 qualitative traits of 59 spinach germplasm resources was distributed between 0.25 and 1.23,and the coefficient of variation of 8 quantitative traits was between 24.25% and 42.80%,with an average of 29.54%.The identification of the resistance to downy mildew show that the spinach materials S1 to S36 are high-resistant materials,S37-S41 are disease-resistant materials,and S42-S59 are medium-resistant materials.The results of the bolting period survey showed that 81.4% of the materials belonged to early or middle bolting materials,18.6% of the spinach materials belonged to the late bolting materials.In conclusion,the spinach material S1 has an erect plant type,oval leaves,late bolting and high resistance to downy mildew,and there was no downy mildew disease in the test period,and the downy mildew disease index and incidence rate were both 0. It was excellent germplasm resource for resisting to spinach downy mildew and for late bolting breeding

Research progress of DNA molecular markers in spinach genetic breeding

The types and characteristics of DNA molecular markers were briefly introduced in this paper,while itemphatically illustrated sex test,disease-resistant spinach breeding,high-yield and high-quality spinach breeding,genetic relationship and diversity and molecular marker-assisted selection in spinach genetic breeding.Then,the future development and application prospects of DNA molecular markers were prospected