Basic Human Rights, Core Labour Standards and Relative Educational Deprivation of Youth in Modern Indian States

child labour ; India

Variation of quantum well infrared photodetectors parameter with an applied electric field

A model is presented for the performance of quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) utilizing intersubband electron transitions and tunneling injection electrons. The dark current and the responsivity are derived as functions of the QWIP parameters, including the number of the QWs and electric field dependent capture probability in an analytical form. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2789

Operating penalties in single-fiber operation 10-Gb/s, 1024-way split, 110-km long-reach optical access networks

We report for the first time optical signal-to-noise penalties which lead to performance degradations in single-fiber long-reach optical access networks when compared to identical dual-fiber systems. A simplified architecture, with reduced optical amplifier count compared to previous work, for single-fiber operation of a symmetrical 10-Gb/s, 1024-way split, 110-km long-reach optical access network is presented and demonstrated. In addition, a possible solution to remove the optical signal-to-noise penalty is suggested

Architecture to integrate multiple PONs with long reach DWDM backhaul

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of an architecture that consolidates a number of deployed Passive Optical Network (PON) infrastructures into a long-reach, high-split ratio system which further increases equipment sharing between users. The demonstrated system allows the use of uncooled lasers with possible wavelength drift across a CWDM band (20 nm) with optical amplification and narrow optical filtering with no performance degradation. A complete study of potential implementations was performed with experimental results showing that a target performance of 10-10 could be achieved over 120 km of standard fiber with transmitter wavelengths from 1542 to 1558 nm and DWDM backhaul wavelengths from 1520 to 1535 nm. This gives the potential to support up to 2560 users

Structure motivator: a tool for exploring small three-dimensional elements in proteins

<br>Background: Protein structures incorporate characteristic three-dimensional elements defined by some or all of hydrogen bonding, dihedral angles and amino acid sequence. The software application, Structure Motivator, allows interactive exploration and analysis of such elements, and their resolution into sub-classes.</br> <br>Results: Structure Motivator is a standalone application with an embedded relational database of proteins that, as a starting point, can furnish the user with a palette of unclassified small peptides or a choice of pre-classified structural motifs. Alternatively the application accepts files of data generated externally. After loading, the structural elements are displayed as two-dimensional plots of dihedral angles (φ/ψ, φ/χ1 or in combination) for each residue, with visualization options to allow the conformation or amino acid composition at one residue to be viewed in the context of that at other residues. Interactive selections may then be made and structural subsets saved to file for further sub-classification or external analysis. The application has been applied both to classical motifs, such as the β-turn, and ‘non-motif’ structural elements, such as specific segments of helices.</br> <br>Conclusions: Structure Motivator allows structural biologists, whether or not they possess computational skills, to subject small structural elements in proteins to rapid interactive analysis that would otherwise require complex programming or database queries. Within a broad group of structural motifs, it facilitates the identification and separation of sub-classes with distinct stereochemical properties.</br&gt

The Challenge of Child Labour in Rural India: A Multi-Dimensional Problem in Need of an Orchestrated Policy Response.

This paper is an attempt to provide a tentative framework for an objective, factual and systematic look at important dimensions of the child labour problem in rural India.CHILDREN ; LABOUR MARKET ; CULTURE

Agricultural Growth, Employment and Poverty: Theoretical and Empirical Explorations with Indian data (1970-1993)

There is a rapidly growing literature on the dual concern of promoting agricultural growth and reducing the incidence of rural poverty. However the analysis of the interaction of growth and poverty is an under researched area of economic policy. This paper attempts to further analyse these dual concerns in an integrated manner. A basic endogenous growth model is developed which explicitly includes poor households and a government that has to decide how to allocate resources to the provision of infrastructure and to the public distribution of food grains. The intertemporal maximisation clearly shows the trade-off the government is facing and the indeterminate outcome. The model derives five key relationships: an agricultural metaproduction function (which allows differing temporal and spatial technical progress), rural employment and wage functions, and relationships for the public distribution of food grains and for rural poverty. These structural equations are estimated in a simultaneous setting for fifteen Indian states using eleven years of data for the period 1970 to 1993. Care is taken in the treatment of missing values, the non-stationarity of many of the state variables, the high level of dependencies between the variables (in the form of extreme multicollinearity and endogeneity) and the presence of structural change. We believe that insufficient care has been taken with these important complications in some studies. Robust structural form, net average elasticities and reduced form impact elasticity multipliers are derived. These estimates give valuable insights into the complicated interdependencies of the policy and endogenous variables. Whilst our broad conclusions tend to reinforce the findings of recent studies there are major differences in our estimates and methodology, which includes the conceptualisation, analytic specification and application of appropriate estimation techniques.Agricultural growth, poverty, public food distribution, rural and social infrastructure, net average elasticities, impact elasticity multipliers

Fault slip in a mining context

Recent articles on the broad range of computational and analytic techniques currently used to investigate excavation collapse are reported. Advances in physical models are also described. Simple models for determining fault slip due to underground and surface excavations and structures are investigated

Public Finance and The Size of Government: A Literature Review and Econometric Results for Fiji

This paper analyses current government expenditure in Fiji using annual time series data for the period 1969-1999. Alternative theories of government expenditure are reviewed and a distinction is made between economic/apolitical determinants and institutional/political determinants. Categorising the literature in this way suggests the application of non-nested tests in empirical work. The first step is to estimate the two models separately. All four test statistics for non-nested hypotheses lead to the conclusion of double rejection. A parsimonious comprehensive model, encompassing both economic and institutional variables, is preferred as it passes all diagnostic tests and involves the acceptance conclusion from pairwise non-nested tests.