Global Major Stock Market Crashesincluding Causes and Their Effects of 2016 Chinese Stock Market Crash

There were eight major Stock Market crashes including the Chinese ,in the past thirty years.Only three only three of the seven crises can be considered as genuine turning points.The beginning of 2016 was very worst for Chinese Stock Market. Chinese stock market was heavily affected and faced a drop nearly 8 per cent. Fundamentals will see the market struggle is the belief of Investors.This paper reviews the major stock market crashes including the recent Chinese crash and the causes and effects of the Chinese stock Market Crash

Critical Percolation in High Dimensions

We present Monte Carlo estimates for site and bond percolation thresholds in simple hypercubic lattices with 4 to 13 dimensions. For d<6 they are preliminary, for d >= 6 they are between 20 to 10^4 times more precise than the best previous estimates. This was achieved by three ingredients: (i) simple and fast hashing which allowed us to simulate clusters of millions of sites on computers with less than 500 MB memory; (ii) a histogram method which allowed us to obtain information for several p values from a single simulation; and (iii) a new variance reduction technique which is especially efficient at high dimensions where it reduces error bars by a factor up to approximately 30 and more. Based on these data we propose a new scaling law for finite cluster size corrections.Comment: 5 pages including figures, RevTe

Artificial intelligence models for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems

Artificial intelligence (AI) models for refrigeration, heat pumps, and air conditioners have emerged in recent decades. The universal approximation accuracy and prediction performances of various AI structures like feedforward neural networks, radial basis function neural networks, adaptive neuro�fuzzy inference and recurrent neural networks are encouraging interest. This review discusses existing topographies of neural network models for RHVAC system modelling, energy prediction and fault(s), and detection and diagnosis. Studies show that AI structures require standardization and improvement for tuning hyperparameters (like weight, bias, activation functions, number of hidden layers and neurons). The selection of activation functions, validation, and learning algorithms depends on author’s suitability for a particular application. Backpropagation, error trial selection of the number of hidden layer, and hidden layers’ neurons, and Levenberg–Marquardt learning algorithms, remain prevalent methodologies for developing AI structures. The major limitations to the application of AI models in RHVAC systems include exploding or/and vanishing gradients, interpretability, and accuracy trade off, and training saturation and limited sensitivity. This review aims to give up-to-date applications of different AI architectures in RHVAC systems and to identify the associated limitations and prospect

Impact of high dietary plant protein with or without marine ingredients in gut mucosa proteome of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.)

[EN] The digestive tract, particularly the intestine, represents one of the main sites of interactions with the environment, playing the gut mucosa a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and in the immune defence. Previous researches have proven that the fishmeal replacement by plant sources could have an impact on the intestinal status at both digestive and immune level, compromising relevant productive parameters, such as feed efficiency, growth or survival. In order to evaluate the long-term impact of total fishmeal replacement on intestinal mucosa, the gut mucosa proteome was analysed in fish fed with a fishmeal-based diet, against plant protein-based diets with or without alternative marine sources inclusion. Total fishmeal replacement without marine ingredients inclusion, reported a negative impact in growth and biometric parameters, further an altered gut mucosa proteome. However, the inclusion of a low percentage of marine ingredients in plant protein-based diets was able to maintain the growth, biometrics parameters and gut mucosa proteome with similar values to FM group. A total fishmeal replacement induced a big set of underrepresented proteins in relation to several biological processes such as intracellular transport, assembly of cellular macrocomplex, protein localization and protein catabolism, as well as several molecular functions, mainly related with binding to different molecules and the maintenance of the cytoskeleton structure. The set of downregulated proteins also included molecules which have a crucial role in the maintenance of the normal function of the enterocytes, and therefore, of the epithelium, including permeability, immune and inflammatory response regulation and nutritional absorption. Possibly, the amino acid imbalance presented in VM diet, in a long-term feeding, may be the main reason of these alterations, which can be prevented by the inclusion of 15% of alternative marine sources. Significance: Long-term feeding with plant protein based diets may be considered as a stress factor and lead to a negative impact on digestive and immune system mechanisms at the gut, that can become apparent in a reduced fish performance. The need for fishmeal replacement by alternative ingredients such as plant sources to ensure the sustainability of the aquaculture sector has led the research assessing the intestinal status of fish to be of increasing importance. This scientific work provides further knowledge about the proteins and biologic processes altered in the gut in response to plant protein based diets, suggesting the loss of part of gut mucosa functionality. Nevertheless, the inclusion of alternative marine ingredients was able to reverse these negative effects, showing as a feasible option to develop sustainable aquafeeds.The first author was supported by a contract-grant (Contrato Pre doctoral para la Formacion de Profesorado Universitario) from Subprogramas de Formacion y Movilidad within the Programa Estatal de Promocion del Talento y su Empleabilidad of the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain.Estruch, G.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Monge-Ortiz, R.; Jover Cerda, M.; Brown, PB.; Peñaranda, D. (2020). Impact of high dietary plant protein with or without marine ingredients in gut mucosa proteome of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.). Journal of Proteomics. 216:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103672S113216Martínez-Llorens, S., Moñino, A. V., Tomás Vidal, A., Salvador, V. J. M., Pla Torres, M., & Jover Cerdá, M. (2007). Soybean meal as a protein source in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) diets: effects on growth and nutrient utilization. Aquaculture Research, 38(1), 82-90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01637.xMoutinho, S., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., Jover-Cerdá, M., Oliva-Teles, A., & Peres, H. (2017). Meat and bone meal as partial replacement for fish meal in diets for gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) juveniles: Growth, feed efficiency, amino acid utilization, and economic efficiency. Aquaculture, 468, 271-277. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.10.024Piccolo, G., Iaconisi, V., Marono, S., Gasco, L., Loponte, R., Nizza, S., … Parisi, G. (2017). Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on growth performance, in vivo nutrients digestibility, somatic and marketable indexes of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 226, 12-20. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.007Nengas, I., Alexis, M. N., & Davies, S. J. (1999). High inclusion levels of poultry meals and related byproducts in diets for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Aquaculture, 179(1-4), 13-23. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00148-9Monge-Ortiz, R., Martínez-Llorens, S., Márquez, L., Moyano, F. J., Jover-Cerdá, M., & Tomás-Vidal, A. (2016). Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Archives of Animal Nutrition, 70(2), 155-172. doi:10.1080/1745039x.2016.1141743Sitjà-Bobadilla, A., Peña-Llopis, S., Gómez-Requeni, P., Médale, F., Kaushik, S., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2005). Effect of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources on non-specific defence mechanisms and oxidative stress in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 249(1-4), 387-400. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.031Santigosa, E., Sánchez, J., Médale, F., Kaushik, S., Pérez-Sánchez, J., & Gallardo, M. A. (2008). Modifications of digestive enzymes in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) in response to dietary fish meal replacement by plant protein sources. Aquaculture, 282(1-4), 68-74. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.007Kiron, V. (2012). Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173(1-2), 111-133. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.015Minghetti, M., Drieschner, C., Bramaz, N., Schug, H., & Schirmer, K. (2017). A fish intestinal epithelial barrier model established from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, RTgutGC. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 33(6), 539-555. doi:10.1007/s10565-017-9385-xGómez, G. D., & Balcázar, J. L. (2008). A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fish: Table 1. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 52(2), 145-154. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00343.xYu, Y., Sitaraman, S., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2004). Intestinal Epithelial Cell Regulation of Mucosal Inflammation. Immunologic Research, 29(1-3), 055-068. doi:10.1385/ir:29:1-3:055Ivanov, A. I., Parkos, C. A., & Nusrat, A. (2010). Cytoskeletal Regulation of Epithelial Barrier Function During Inflammation. The American Journal of Pathology, 177(2), 512-524. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.100168Lokman, P., & Symonds, J. (2014). Molecular and biochemical tricks of the research trade: -omics approaches in finfish aquaculture. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 48(3), 492-505. doi:10.1080/00288330.2014.928333Forné, I., Abián, J., & Cerdà, J. (2009). Fish proteome analysis: Model organisms and non-sequenced species. PROTEOMICS, 10(4), 858-872. doi:10.1002/pmic.200900609Rodrigues, P. M., Silva, T. S., Dias, J., & Jessen, F. (2012). PROTEOMICS in aquaculture: Applications and trends. Journal of Proteomics, 75(14), 4325-4345. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.042Pandey, A., & Mann, M. (2000). Proteomics to study genes and genomes. Nature, 405(6788), 837-846. doi:10.1038/35015709Karpievitch, Y. V., Polpitiya, A. D., Anderson, G. A., Smith, R. D., & Dabney, A. R. (2010). Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based proteomics: Biological and technological aspects. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 4(4). doi:10.1214/10-aoas341Ahmed, F., Kumar, G., Soliman, F. M., Adly, M. A., Soliman, H. A. M., El-Matbouli, M., & Saleh, M. (2019). Proteomics for understanding pathogenesis, immune modulation and host pathogen interactions in aquaculture. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 32, 100625. doi:10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100625Sissener, N. H., Martin, S. A. M., Cash, P., Hevrøy, E. M., Sanden, M., & Hemre, G.-I. (2009). Proteomic Profiling of Liver from Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Genetically Modified Soy Compared to the Near-Isogenic non-GM Line. Marine Biotechnology, 12(3), 273-281. doi:10.1007/s10126-009-9214-1Morais, S., Silva, T., Cordeiro, O., Rodrigues, P., Guy, D. R., Bron, J. E., … Tocher, D. R. (2012). Effects of genotype and dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oil on the intestinal transcriptome and proteome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). BMC Genomics, 13(1), 448. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-448Martin, S. A. M., Cash, P., Blaney, S., & Houlihan, D. F. (2001). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 24(3), 259-270. doi:10.1023/a:1014015530045Martin, S. A. M., Vilhelmsson, O., Médale, F., Watt, P., Kaushik, S., & Houlihan, D. F. (2003). Proteomic sensitivity to dietary manipulations in rainbow trout. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics, 1651(1-2), 17-29. doi:10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00231-0Vilhelmsson, O. T., Martin, S. A. M., Médale, F., Kaushik, S. J., & Houlihan, D. F. (2004). Dietary plant-protein substitution affects hepatic metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). British Journal of Nutrition, 92(1), 71-80. doi:10.1079/bjn20041176Kumar, G., Hummel, K., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., & El-Matbouli, M. (2019). Modulation of posterior intestinal mucosal proteome in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after Yersinia ruckeri infection. Veterinary Research, 50(1). doi:10.1186/s13567-019-0673-8Rajan, B., Lokesh, J., Kiron, V., & Brinchmann, M. F. (2013). Differentially expressed proteins in the skin mucus of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) upon natural infection with Vibrio anguillarum. BMC Veterinary Research, 9(1). doi:10.1186/1746-6148-9-103Saleh, M., Kumar, G., Abdel-Baki, A.-A., Dkhil, M. A., El-Matbouli, M., & Al-Quraishy, S. (2018). Quantitative shotgun proteomics distinguishes wound-healing biomarker signatures in common carp skin mucus in response to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Veterinary Research, 49(1). doi:10.1186/s13567-018-0535-9Saleh, M., Kumar, G., Abdel-Baki, A.-A. S., Dkhil, M. A., El-Matbouli, M., & Al-Quraishy, S. (2019). Quantitative proteomic profiling of immune responses to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in common carp skin mucus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 84, 834-842. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.078ENYU, Y.-L., & SHU-CHIEN, A. C. (2011). Proteomics analysis of mitochondrial extract from liver of female zebrafish undergoing starvation and refeeding. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), e413-e423. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00776.xBoonanuntanasarn, S., Nakharuthai, C., Schrama, D., Duangkaew, R., & Rodrigues, P. M. (2019). Effects of dietary lipid sources on hepatic nutritive contents, fatty acid composition and proteome of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Proteomics, 192, 208-222. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.003Ghisaura, S., Anedda, R., Pagnozzi, D., Biosa, G., Spada, S., Bonaglini, E., … Addis, M. F. (2014). Impact of three commercial feed formulations on farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) metabolism as inferred from liver and blood serum proteomics. Proteome Science, 12(1). doi:10.1186/s12953-014-0044-3Sabbagh, M., Schiavone, R., Brizzi, G., Sicuro, B., Zilli, L., & Vilella, S. (2019). Poultry by-product meal as an alternative to fish meal in the juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) diet. Aquaculture, 511, 734220. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734220Piazzon, M. C., Calduch-Giner, J. A., Fouz, B., Estensoro, I., Simó-Mirabet, P., Puyalto, M., … Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2017). Under control: how a dietary additive can restore the gut microbiome and proteomic profile, and improve disease resilience in a marine teleostean fish fed vegetable diets. Microbiome, 5(1). doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0390-3Wulff, T., Petersen, J., Nørrelykke, M. R., Jessen, F., & Nielsen, H. H. (2012). Proteome Analysis of Pyloric Ceca: A Methodology for Fish Feed Development? Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(34), 8457-8464. doi:10.1021/jf3016943Pérez-Sánchez, J., Estensoro, I., Redondo, M. J., Calduch-Giner, J. A., Kaushik, S., & Sitjà-Bobadilla, A. (2013). Mucins as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in a Fish-Parasite Model: Transcriptional and Functional Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e65457. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065457Mirghaed, A. T., Yarahmadi, P., Soltani, M., Paknejad, H., & Hoseini, S. M. (2019). Dietary sodium butyrate (Butirex® C4) supplementation modulates intestinal transcriptomic responses and augments disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 92, 621-628. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.046Estruch, G., Tomás-Vidal, A., El Nokrashy, A. M., Monge-Ortiz, R., Godoy-Olmos, S., Jover Cerdá, M., & Martínez-Llorens, S. (2018). Inclusion of alternative marine by-products in aquafeeds with different levels of plant-based sources for on-growing gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.): effects on digestibility, amino acid retention, ammonia excretion and enzyme activity. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 72(4), 321-339. doi:10.1080/1745039x.2018.1472408Peres, H., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2009). The optimum dietary essential amino acid profile for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Aquaculture, 296(1-2), 81-86. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.046Cox, J., Hein, M. Y., Luber, C. A., Paron, I., Nagaraj, N., & Mann, M. (2014). Accurate Proteome-wide Label-free Quantification by Delayed Normalization and Maximal Peptide Ratio Extraction, Termed MaxLFQ. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 13(9), 2513-2526. doi:10.1074/mcp.m113.031591Metsalu, T., & Vilo, J. (2015). ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Research, 43(W1), W566-W570. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv468Conesa, A., Gotz, S., Garcia-Gomez, J. M., Terol, J., Talon, M., & Robles, M. (2005). Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics, 21(18), 3674-3676. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti610Huang, D. W., Sherman, B. T., & Lempicki, R. A. (2008). Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nature Protocols, 4(1), 44-57. doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.211Huang, D. W., Sherman, B. T., & Lempicki, R. A. (2008). Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists. Nucleic Acids Research, 37(1), 1-13. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn923Kader, M. A., Bulbul, M., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Nguyen, B. T., & Komilus, C. F. (2012). Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulled soybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 350-353, 109-116. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.009HERBINGER, C. M., & FRIARS, G. W. (1991). Correlation between condition factor and total lipid content in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr. Aquaculture Research, 22(4), 527-529. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1991.tb00766.xJohansson, L., Kiessling, A., Kiessling, K.-H., & Berglund, L. (2000). Effects of altered ration levels on sensory characteristics, lipid content and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Food Quality and Preference, 11(3), 247-254. doi:10.1016/s0950-3293(99)00073-7De Francesco, M., Parisi, G., Médale, F., Lupi, P., Kaushik, S. J., & Poli, B. M. (2004). Effect of long-term feeding with a plant protein mixture based diet on growth and body/fillet quality traits of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 236(1-4), 413-429. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.01.006Berg, O. K., Thronæs, E., & Bremset, G. (1998). Energetics and survival of virgin and repeat spawning brown trout (Salmo trutta). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55(1), 47-53. doi:10.1139/f97-208Saera-Vila, A., Calduch-Giner, J. A., Gómez-Requeni, P., Médale, F., Kaushik, S., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2005). Molecular characterization of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) lipoprotein lipase. Transcriptional regulation by season and nutritional condition in skeletal muscle and fat storage tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 142(2), 224-232. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.07.009Panserat, S., & Kaushik, S. J. (2010). Regulation of gene expression by nutritional factors in fish. Aquaculture Research, 41(5), 751-762. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02173.xKhurana, S., & George, S. P. (2008). Regulation of cell structure and function by actin-binding proteins: Villin’s perspective. FEBS Letters, 582(14), 2128-2139. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.040Bedford, L., Paine, S., Sheppard, P. W., Mayer, R. J., & Roelofs, J. (2010). Assembly, structure, and function of the 26S proteasome. Trends in Cell Biology, 20(7), 391-401. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.03.007Wu, Y.-X., Yang, J.-H., & Saitsu, H. (2016). Bortezomib-resistance is associated with increased levels of proteasome subunits and apoptosis-avoidance. Oncotarget, 7(47), 77622-77634. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12731Fararjeh, Chen, Ho, Cheng, Liu, Chang, … Tu. (2019). Proteasome 26S Subunit, non-ATPase 3 (PSMD3) Regulates Breast Cancer by Stabilizing HER2 from Degradation. Cancers, 11(4), 527. doi:10.3390/cancers11040527Pastorelli, L., De Salvo, C., Mercado, J. R., Vecchi, M., & Pizarro, T. T. (2013). Central Role of the Gut Epithelial Barrier in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Intestinal Inflammation: Lessons Learned from Animal Models and Human Genetics. Frontiers in Immunology, 4. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00280Babbin, B. A., Laukoetter, M. G., Nava, P., Koch, S., Lee, W. Y., Capaldo, C. T., … Nusrat, A. (2008). Annexin A1 Regulates Intestinal Mucosal Injury, Inflammation, and Repair. The Journal of Immunology, 181(7), 5035-5044. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.5035Leoni, G., Neumann, P.-A., Sumagin, R., Denning, T. L., & Nusrat, A. (2015). Wound repair: role of immune–epithelial interactions. Mucosal Immunology, 8(5), 959-968. doi:10.1038/mi.2015.63Bakke-McKellep, A. M., Penn, M. H., Salas, P. M., Refstie, S., Sperstad, S., Landsverk, T., … Krogdahl, Å. (2007). Effects of dietary soyabean meal, inulin and oxytetracycline on intestinal microbiota and epithelial cell stress, apoptosis and proliferation in the teleost Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). British Journal of Nutrition, 97(4), 699-713. doi:10.1017/s0007114507381397Wolf, H. K., & Dittrich, K. L. (1992). Detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in diagnostic histopathology. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 40(9), 1269-1273. doi:10.1177/40.9.1354677Ducker, G. S., & Rabinowitz, J. D. (2017). One-Carbon Metabolism in Health and Disease. Cell Metabolism, 25(1), 27-42. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.009Cunningham, K. E., & Turner, J. R. (2012). Myosin light chain kinase: pulling the strings of epithelial tight junction function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1258(1), 34-42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06526.xFanning, A. S., & Anderson, J. M. (1999). PDZ domains: fundamental building blocks in the organization of protein complexes at the plasma membrane. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 103(6), 767-772. doi:10.1172/jci6509Werner, T., & Haller, D. (2007). Intestinal epithelial cell signalling and chronic inflammation: From the proteome to specific molecular mechanisms. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 622(1-2), 42-57. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.05.010Lee, S. H. (2015). Intestinal Permeability Regulation by Tight Junction: Implication on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Intestinal Research, 13(1), 11. doi:10.5217/ir.2015.13.1.11Turner, J. R. (2009). Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 9(11), 799-809. doi:10.1038/nri2653Ulluwishewa, D., Anderson, R. C., McNabb, W. C., Moughan, P. J., Wells, J. M., & Roy, N. C. (2011). Regulation of Tight Junction Permeability by Intestinal Bacteria and Dietary Components. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(5), 769-776. doi:10.3945/jn.110.135657Knudsen, D., Jutfelt, F., Sundh, H., Sundell, K., Koppe, W., & Frøkiær, H. (2008). Dietary soya saponins increase gut permeability and play a key role in the onset of soyabean-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). British Journal of Nutrition, 100(1), 120-129. doi:10.1017/s0007114507886338Hu, H., Kortner, T. M., Gajardo, K., Chikwati, E., Tinsley, J., & Krogdahl, Å. (2016). Intestinal Fluid Permeability in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Is Affected by Dietary Protein Source. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0167515. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167515Strober, W., Fuss, I. J., & Blumberg, R. S. (2002). The Immunology of Mucosal Models of Inflammation. Annual Review of Immunology, 20(1), 495-549. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064816Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2004). Recognition of Commensal Microflora by Toll-Like Receptors Is Required for Intestinal Homeostasis. Cell, 118(2), 229-241. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002Neal, M. D., Leaphart, C., Levy, R., Prince, J., Billiar, T. R., Watkins, S., … Hackam, D. J. (2006). Enterocyte TLR4 Mediates Phagocytosis and Translocation of Bacteria Across the Intestinal Barrier. The Journal of Immunology, 176(5), 3070-3079. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.3070Fink, M. P., & Delude, R. L. (2005). Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction: A Unifying Theme to Explain the Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Dysfunction at the Cellular Level. Critical Care Clinics, 21(2), 177-196. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2005.01.005Estruch, G., Collado, M. C., Peñaranda, D. S., Tomás Vidal, A., Jover Cerdá, M., Pérez Martínez, G., & Martinez-Llorens, S. (2015). Impact of Fishmeal Replacement in Diets for Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota Determined by Pyrosequ

Exploration of chronic kidney disease prevalence estimates using new measures of kidney function in the health survey for England

Background: chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis relies on glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) estimation, traditionally using the creatinine-based Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKDEPI) equation performs better in estimating eGFR and predicting mortality and CKD progression risk. Cystatin C is an alternative glomerular filtration marker less influenced by muscle mass. CKD risk stratification is improved by combining creatinine eGFR with cystatin C and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (uACR). We aimed to identify the impact of introducing CKDEPI and cystatin C on the estimated prevalence and risk stratification of CKD in England and to describe prevalence and associations of cystatin C.Methods and findings: cross sectional study of 5799 people in the nationally representative 2009 and 2010 Health Surveys for England. Primary outcome measures: prevalence of MDRD, CKDEPI and cystatin C-defined eGFR&lt;60ml/min/1.73m2; prevalence of CKD biomarker combinations (creatinine, cystatin C, uACR). Using CKDEPI instead of MDRD reduced the prevalence of eGFR&lt;60ml/min/1.73m2 from 6.0% (95% CI 5.4–6.6%) to 5.2% (4.7–5.8%) equivalent to around 340,000 fewer individuals in England. Those reclassified as not having CKD evidenced a lower risk profile. Prevalence of cystatin C eGFR&lt;60ml/min/1.73m2 was 7.7% and independently associated with age, lack of qualifications, being an ex-smoker, BMI, hypertension, and albuminuria. Measuring cystatin C in the 3.9% people with CKDEPI-defined eGFR&lt;60ml/min/1.73m2 without albuminuria (CKD Category G3a A1) reclassified about a third into a lower risk group with one of three biomarkers and two thirds into a group with two of three. Measuring cystatin C in the 6.7% people with CKDEPI eGFR &gt;60ml/min/1.73m2 with albuminuria (CKD Category G1-2) reclassified almost a tenth into a higher risk group.Limitations: cross sectional study, single eGFR measure, no measured (‘true’) GFR.Conclusions: introducing the CKDEPI equation and targeted cystatin C measurement reduces estimated CKD prevalence and improves risk stratification<br/

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in adults in England: comparison of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys from 2003 to 2016

Objectives: To identify recent trends in chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence in England and explore their association with changes in sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical factors. Design: Pooled cross-sectional analysis.Setting: Health Survey for England 2003, 2009/2010 combined, and 2016.Participants: 17,663 individuals (aged 16+) living in private households.Primary and secondary outcome measures: Prevalence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR

Assessment of patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDXs) as a discovery tool for cancer epigenomics

Background: The use of tumour xenografts is a well-established research tool in cancer genomics but has not yet been comprehensively evaluated for cancer epigenomics. Methods: In this study, we assessed the suitability of patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDXs) for methylome analysis using Infinium 450 K Beadchips and MeDIP-seq. Results: Controlled for confounding host (mouse) sequences, comparison of primary PDXs and matching patient tumours in a rare (osteosarcoma) and common (colon) cancer revealed that an average 2.7% of the assayed CpG sites undergo major (Δβ ≥ 0.51) methylation changes in a cancer-specific manner as a result of the xenografting procedure. No significant subsequent methylation changes were observed after a second round of xenografting between primary and secondary PDXs. Based on computational simulation using publically available methylation data, we additionally show that future studies comparing two groups of PDXs should use 15 or more samples in each group to minimise the impact of xenografting-associated changes in methylation on comparison results. Conclusions: Our results from rare and common cancers indicate that PDXs are a suitable discovery tool for cancer epigenomics and we provide guidance on how to overcome the observed limitations

A Point's Point of View of Stringy Geometry

The notion of a "point" is essential to describe the topology of spacetime. Despite this, a point probably does not play a particularly distinguished role in any intrinsic formulation of string theory. We discuss one way to try to determine the notion of a point from a worldsheet point of view. The derived category description of D-branes is the key tool. The case of a flop is analyzed and Pi-stability in this context is tied in to some ideas of Bridgeland. Monodromy associated to the flop is also computed via Pi-stability and shown to be consistent with previous conjectures.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, ref adde