Apoptose e maturação placentária bovina: um estudo imunohistoquímico e morfométrico

Resumo: A liberação da placenta após o parto envolve a perda da adesão materno-fetal e ocorre somente após a maturação completa do placentoma, que está relacionada com a diminuição da celularidade dos tecidos fetal e materno. A apoptose é requerida tanto para a maturação quanto para a liberação normal da placenta após o parto. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de apoptose em amostras de placenta de vacas em diferentes fases de gestação. Amostras de placentomas de 15 vacas saudáveis com 4 (n=5), 6 (n=5) e 9 (n=5) meses de gestação foram colhidas e processadas rotineiramente para a histologia, imunoistoquímica e histoquímica. As lâminas obtidas foram coradas em HE, Picrosirius Red e submetidas à análise imunoistoquímica das proteínas Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Bax e Bid. O aumento no número de vasos não necessariamente se associou ao aumento do calibre destes durante a evolução da gestação. Os resultados de histomorfometria revelaram aumento da marcação para Bax e Caspases 3 e 8 em células trofoblásticas binucleadas no final da gestação, enquanto o Bid se manteve sem alteração significativa. A histomorfometria das células trofoblásticas mononucleadas revelou expressão alta para Bax no início de gestação, com diminuição aos 6 meses de gestação e aumento das imunomarcações para Caspases 3 e 8, e Bid com o avanço gestacional. Os colágenos tipo I e III não aumentaram do terço médio ao final da gestação, o que é importante para a diminuição da adesão materno-fetal. Esses resultados confirmam que as Caspases 3 e 8, e o Bax estão envolvidos nos mecanismos de ativação da apoptose pela via intrínseca mitocondrial e/ou extrínseca ao longo da gestação em células trofoblásticas binucleadas, e que nas células trofoblásticas mononucleadas o Bax deixa de ser importante, enquanto o Bid e as Caspases 3 e 8 se tornam os mais significativos

Plutonium Protection System (PPS). Volume 2. Hardware description. Final report

The Plutonium Protection System (PPS) is an integrated safeguards system developed by Sandia Laboratories for the Department of Energy, Office of Safeguards and Security. The system is designed to demonstrate and test concepts for the improved safeguarding of plutonium. Volume 2 of the PPS final report describes the hardware elements of the system. The major areas containing hardware elements are the vault, where plutonium is stored, the packaging room, where plutonium is packaged into Container Modules, the Security Operations Center, which controls movement of personnel, the Material Accountability Center, which maintains the system data base, and the Material Operations Center, which monitors the operating procedures in the system. References are made to documents in which details of the hardware items can be found

An Introduction to Architectural Surety(SM) Education

This report describes the Sandia activities in the developing field management approach to enhancing National Laboratories (Sandia) educational outreach of architectural and infrastructure surety, a risk the safety, security, and reliability of facilities, systems, and structures. It begins with a description of the field of architectural and infrastmcture surety, including Sandia's historical expertise and experience in nuclear weapons surety. An overview of the 1996 Sandia Workshop on Architectural SuretysM is then provided to reference the initiation of the various activities. This workshop established the need for a surety education program at the University level and recommended that Sandia develop the course material as soon as possible. Technical material was assembled and the course was offered at the University of New Mexico (UNM) during the 1997 spring semester. The bulk of this report accordingly summarizes the lecture material presented in this pioneering graduate-level course on Infrastructure Surety in the Civil Engineering Department at UNM. This groundbreaking class presented subject matter developed by experts from Sandia, and included additional information from guest lecturers from academia, government, and industry. Also included in this report are summaries of the term projects developed by the graduate students, an overview of the 1997 International Conference on Architectural Suretp: Assuring the Performance of Buildings and Injiastruchwes (co-sponsored by Sandia, the American Institute of Architects, and the American Society of Civil Engineers), and recommendations for further course work development. The U.S. Department of Energy provides support to this emerging field of architectural and infrastructure surety and recognizes its broad application to developing government, industry, and professional standards in the national interest

Surety applications in transportation

Infrastructure surety can make a valuable contribution to the transportation engineering industry. The lessons learned at Sandia National Laboratories in developing surety principles and technologies for the nuclear weapons complex and the nuclear power industry hold direct applications to the safety, security, and reliability of the critical infrastructure. This presentation introduces the concepts of infrastructure surety, including identification of the normal, abnormal, and malevolent threats to the transportation infrastructure. National problems are identified and examples of failures and successes in response to environmental loads and other structural and systemic vulnerabilities are presented. The infrastructure surety principles developed at Sandia National Laboratories are described. Currently available technologies including (a) three-dimensional computer-assisted drawing packages interactively combined with virtual reality systems, (b) the complex calculational and computational modeling and code-coupling capabilities associated with the new generation of supercomputers, and (c) risk-management methodologies with application to solving the national problems associated with threats to the critical transportation infrastructure are discussed

An introduction to the architectural surety program

This paper provides a summary introduction to the nationally emerging area of Architectural and Infrastructure Surety that is under development at Sandia National Laboratories. This program area, addressing technology requirements at the national level, includes four major elements: education, research, development, and application. It involves a risk management approach to solving problems of the as-built environment through the application of security, safety, and reliability principles developed in the nuclear weapons programs of the Department of Energy. The changing responsibilities of engineering design professionals is addressed in light of the increased public awareness of structural and facility systems vulnerabilities to malevolent, normal, and abnormal environment threats. A brief discussion is presented of the education and technology outreach programs initiated through an infrastructure surety graduate Civil Engineering Department course taught at the University of New Mexico and through the architectural surety workshops and conferences already held and planned for the future. A summary description is also presented of selected technologies with strong potential for application to specific national architectural and infrastructure surety concerns. These technologies include super-computational modeling and structural simulations, window glass fragmentation modeling, risk management procedures, instrumentation and health monitoring systems, and three-dimensional CAD virtual reality visualization techniques

Magnetization measurements on ITER Nb3Sn CICC and strands subjected to irreversible degradation

We investigated the impact of irreversible strain changes and filament cracking on the AC losses of several Nb3Sn strands and a full-size ITER cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC). The aim is to evaluate whether the presence of filament cracks in full-size ITER Nb3Sn CICC (after cyclic loading) can be detected without extracting strands from the cable for microscopic observation. The strand AC loss was measured in a magnetometer in virgin condition and after an applied periodic and cyclic bending strain. The filament fracture pattern was determined afterwards by SEM analysis. \ud \ud We found a significant decrease of the hysteresis loss in ITER bronze and internal-tin type strands with increasing filament fracture density. However, in the experimental comparison between a highly degraded section of a full-size ITER TF CICC sample subjected to high electromagnetic load and a section taken from the low magnetic field zone, no clear difference is observed in hysteresis loss but only in coupling loss. \ud \ud The first measurement on a full-size ITER CICC sample indicates that the amount of cracks is at least restricted to an average crack density of 0.05 cracks/filament/mm but a higher accuracy of the CICC AC loss measurement is required for better precision. Further work is required to evaluate whether the observed degradation of the current sharing temperature and n-value is essentially attributed to strand deformation and associated periodic strain variations or filament cracks. \u

Parthenogenic blastocysts cultured under in vivo conditions exhibit proliferation and differentiation expression genes similar to those of normal embryos

Parthenote embryos offer multiple possibilities in biotechnological investigation, such as stem cell research. However, there is still a dearth of knowledge of this kind of embryo. In this study, development and ploidy were analysed in parthenotes under in vitro and in vivo culture conditions. Subsequently, using real-time PCR, the expressions of factor OCT-4, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 3 and Transforming Growth Factor ß2 genes were analysed to compare the embryo types at the blastocyst stage. Development and implantation of parthenote embryos were described after transfer at day 10 of pregnancy. Parthenotes showed similar blastocyst development for both culture conditions and most of the parthenotes produced were diploid. However, parthenotes developed under in vivo conditions showed similar mRNA expression of OCT-4, VEGF and TGF-ß2 to 5 and 6 day old blastocysts. In contrast, parthenotes developed under in vitro conditions had altered the expression pattern of these genes, except for erbB3 mRNA. Finally, transferred parthenotes had the ability to implant but showed severe growth retardation and lesser size. This is the first demonstration of the influence of culture conditions on parthenote mRNA expression. Our study highlights the importance of culture conditions in subsequent uses of parthenotes, such as the production of stem cell lines. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.This work was supported by Generalitat Valenciana research program (Prometeo 2009-8260: 125) and by the Spanish Research Projects (CICYT AGL2008-03274). The authors thank Neil Macowan Language Services for revising the English version of the manuscript.Naturil Alfonso, C.; Saenz De Juano Ribes, MDLD.; Peñaranda, D.; Vicente Antón, JS.; Marco Jiménez, F. (2011). Parthenogenic blastocysts cultured under in vivo conditions exhibit proliferation and differentiation expression genes similar to those of normal embryos. Animal Reproduction Science. (127):222-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.08.005S22222812